By P. Hantz Bernard on
Bibliology
Bible Translation
Perspicuity

The essential characteristics of the Scriptures may be summed up in these tenets: revelation because God has communicated His mind to men; inspiration because God has superintended the recording of what He communicated; canonicity because what is inspired is recognized; infallibility because what God intended to be written was recorded without error; authority because what is recorded is binding upon all men; necessity because man cannot do without what God says; sufficiency because what God has communicated needs no supplement; preservation because God has pledged for His Word to exist to all generations; and understandability because God communicated in order to be understood.

While all these characteristics of the Scriptures are essential and significant, two of them relate directly to the routine task of the Bible translator: preservation and understandability. The other characteristics may impress the translator with the sacredness and value of the biblical texts and shape his philosophy of Bible translation, but they do not directly affect the routine, technical work of translating. They are inherent qualities that are set and permanent but are not active, so to speak.

By contrast, whenever the Scriptures are translated into a new language, preservation is newly active. And whenever the Scriptures are studied, preached, or translated, understandability is also in operation. Both preservation and understandability of the Bible are acts of “fairness” from God. It would not be equitable that God would reveal His Word, render it binding upon all men, and then not make it available; or that He would make it available and not make it understandable.

Throughout the ages, God has providentially preserved the copies of the Scriptures in the original languages. When one considers the opposition that has raged against God’s Word through the centuries, it is amazing that these copies are available at all.

Even more, God has preserved everything that was originally written. Today, scholars may argue about a low percentage of the text of the NT as to which word or phrase rendering was originally written. That is primarily a problem of identification, not essentially one of preservation. Just as a believer’s sin does not affect the righteousness of God, likewise, possible divergences among copies of the NT highlight more the limitations of man rather than any hint of doubt in the faithfulness of God.

Though preserved, the Scriptures would be irrelevant if they could not be used in a practical way. God’s purpose in speaking to men is that men might be fit and complete as God is complete (2 Timothy 3:16-17; Matthew 5:48). God has done everything necessary for man to be transformed to the image of His Son, Jesus Christ (Romans 8:29). And He presented His perfect plan in an understandable manner for men to comprehend it. That is what is called the doctrine of perspicuity or clarity of Scripture: God communicated to be understood!

It can be put this way: All things being accounted for, the Scriptures are understandable. And as such, they are translatable. Translating the Scriptures is basically an act of transferring meaning from the texts of the Bible into a vernacular. Hence, the translator tries to comprehend the linguistic and biblical (theological) components of the Scriptures to transfer them accurately into another language. In turn, the reader understands what God intended to communicate.

Martin Luther, also a Bible translator and one who is largely responsible for the first, truly cohesive view on the understandability of the Scriptures, addressed this dilemma as well. In Bondage of the Will, he declared,

If you speak of the internal clearness [or spiritual significance], no man sees one iota in the Scriptures, but he that hath the Spirit of God…. If you speak of the external clearness [or normal speech], nothing whatever is left obscure or ambiguous; but all things that are in the Scriptures, are by the Word brought forth into the clearest light, and proclaimed to the whole world. (Translated, Baker Book House, 1976, p. 29)

Are the Scriptures, then, both clear and unclear? How does that affect Bible translating? This is a thought to make understandable in my next column!

P. Hantz Bernard is the director of Bibles International. Led to Christ through at 15 by Baptist Mid-Missions missionaries, Dr. Bernard soon showed evidence of leadership gifts. At Bob Jones University, he earned not only his room, board, and personal expenses, but also a BA in Pastoral Studies and Publishing, and two graduate degrees in theology, Biblical languages, and linguistics. In 2005, Dr. Bernard was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Divinity degree from BJU. Bernard and his co-workers have produced a trustworthy Creole NT, and the OT translation is underway. Prior to being named as director, Hantz served as a pastor, seminary instructor, and translation consultant.

Discussion

Wed, 01/27/10
By contrast, whenever the Scriptures are translated into a new language, preservation is newly active.
I would be interested in an amplification of this thought in light of the difficulties of transferring with perfect precision from one language to another without later, when studying, referring back to the originals particularly for exegesis. Is it meant that, “what is able to be transferred is preserved” or something else?

My blog: http://thepedestrianchristian.blogspot.com/

Wed, 01/27/10
I can’t remember if Part 2 delves into that question or not, but I believe it posts next week. Given that Hantz is a contributor to [URL=http://www.amazon.com/Gods-Word-Our-Hands-Preserved/dp/1889893870] God’s Word in Our Hands[/URL] , I suspect his view is that God providentially preserves His word in varying degrees in translations as human beings do the work of translating. So, something like “what is able to be transferred is preserved to the degree translators are successful in doing their work.” I think he would concede two factors there: the limits on translation itself, which is never able to fully capture in language B exactly what is in language A, but also factor 2: human error in the translation work, which God may or may not choose to mitigate in varying degrees for His own purposes.

(Edit: of course, when I say “limits on translation itself” I do not mean God is subject to those limits but that people are and the limits remain factors unless God miraculously intervenes. In the case of translating the miracle would indeed be “a big one,” because you not only have to make sure the translators do not err but you have to create “out of nothing” words in language B that have exactly the same denotation and set of connotations that you have for every expression in language A. People who do translating work are well aware that, so far, we have not found a language that has a semantically identical word or phrase for every Hebrew and Greek word in the Bible.)

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
Both preservation and understandability of the Bible are acts of “fairness” from God. It would not be equitable that God would reveal His Word, render it binding upon all men, and then not make it available; or that He would make it available and not make it understandable.
He lost me at this point. For by far the greater portion of biblical history, God purposely confined His word to one group of people. Even since the death of Christ to this day, the Word has never been available to all men. In fact, many believers throughout the centuries have had access to little of the written Word of God, either through lack of availability, active suppression, poor translation (Vulgate), or illiteracy.

I would also be more cautious about “understandability,” which I assume is the particularly unwieldy replacement for the obsolescent “perspicuity.” One can understand something truly yet not exhaustively. We also need to recognize that there are difficult things in Scripture (2Pe 3:16), or we will be superficial and excessively individualistic in our Biblical interpretation. In any act of communication, there are two parties, the speaker and receiver. While I am quite confident in the abilities of the speaker, I must acknowledge that every receiver is at a different place both in spiritual and intellectual development.

My Blog: http://dearreaderblog.com

Cor meum tibi offero Domine prompte et sincere. ~ John Calvin

Wed, 01/27/10
Yeah, I’m not sure what he meant there either. Probably just meant “acts of kindness.” As I recall, English is not Hantz’s native toungue.

By the way, he has family in Haiti and last I knew he was trying to get over there. I’m sure he’d appreciate prayers.

Edit: On second thought… I’m not sure “fairness” is the wrong word in that sense, though clearly it was not “available” to people on other continents, etc. for a very long time.

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
[Aaron Blumer] Yeah, I’m not sure what he meant there either. Probably just meant “acts of kindness.” As I recall, English is not Hantz’s native toungue.

By the way, he has family in Haiti and last I knew he was trying to get over there. I’m sure he’d appreciate prayers.

Edit: On second thought… I’m not sure “fairness” is the wrong word in that sense.
Aaron, he uses the word “equitable,” so I assume that he is using “fairness” in the normal English sense. I’m just confused how God, to be fair, must do something that obviously He didn’t do.

My Blog: http://dearreaderblog.com

Cor meum tibi offero Domine prompte et sincere. ~ John Calvin

Wed, 01/27/10
Apprehension of what read (in any language) is one thing. Matching that to equivalents in another language is another thing. It’s not that one is “inferior” to the other. One is just an additional layer of complexity. When we read, we apprehend one language. When we translate, we must apprehend two languages in addition to understanding how the one relates to the other.

BTW, got word that Hanz is back from Haiti but is very busy dealing with family needs related to events there. So he sends his regrets.

Charlie: yes, I believe you’re right he is talking about “fairness” there. My observation about English not being his first language is true (he grew up with French and Creole), but off the mark in that his use of English is better than the average native English speaker by a pretty good margin! We’ll have to wait and see what we can find out from him on several of the ideas here.

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
[RPittman] This is analogous to the English teacher, although having studied English seriously for many years, who has never heard or spoken the language. Her pupils will find English in an English-speaking country to be far different from their teacher’s version. Can you confidently say that our reading of Greek and Hebrew is “able to fully capture” exactly what the original readers understood?
This example is ridiculous. What does “studied English seriously” mean if it does not include hearing or speaking? How did she teach pupils without speaking? Now, if the teacher was teaching “written English” then it’s no surprise that her pupils couldn’t speak conversationally. Speaking, listening, reading, and composition are all separate language skills which, though reinforcing, do not translate (no pun intended) with a one-for-one, or even very close, correspondence. I can read and write French passing well; for that matter I can read and write Koine Greek and classical Latin passing well. I couldn’t carry on a 1-minute spoken conversation in any of those languages. However, I do know a few people who can actually speak Koine conversationally.

Since we’re talking about translating a written document, it’s clear that the translation will transmit content accurately commensurate to the translator’s facility in both the source and target languages. Modern academics do not have extensive facility in Koine as a whole language to the degree that a resident of Ephesus circa 100 AD would have, but they have achieved an adequate level of proficiency in such a restricted corpus as the NT and LXX to do the job, assuming facility in the target language.

At base, you’re making a category error. Understanding a language at various levels of proficiency is not the same skill as translation.

My Blog: http://dearreaderblog.com

Cor meum tibi offero Domine prompte et sincere. ~ John Calvin

Wed, 01/27/10
Charlie,

I’m not sure you read RPittman charitably. The example is implausible, not ridiculous, and it’s easy to see what is intended, viz. the difference between a person who learns a language only through reading documents in that language and the person who is native speaker. The former will speak differently than the latter. Pretty straightforward, and hardly implausible (I had a German instructor who never went to Germany - learned it entirely from books; he was quite good, even literary, but his German would hardly have sounded like a contemporary native speaker in every respect). Latin is a particularly apt example, as my instructor studied under Reggie Foster, who most people think is the best Latinist in the world - he’s completely fluent, and the only way one could possibly learn to understand Latin conversationally would be to study with a guy like him, because he studied with people who studied with people, etc. (Gilbert Highet makes this point about Latin: it goes through an unbroken chain all the way back to a native speaker; Greek does not)

If one grants the difference (and it seems implausible to deny it), then there certainly are limitations even on original language work. Whether they are “just as severe” as the limitations in translation is certainly debatable; but it is plausible to claim that our understanding is a long shot from the original audience’s, and I think this must particularly be the case for people who only read the NT, which is like only reading a few letters and short novels and then claiming to well understand a language. Yeah, it’s enough for content, in some minimal sense, but even written communication is a lot more than content in whatever that minimal sense is.

I hardly these facts are groundbreaking or terribly important, but in asserting them RPittman is hardly transgressing the bounds of common sense and plausibility, nor does his slightly implausible example obscure his intention.

Wed, 01/27/10
[RPittman] Can you confidently say that our reading of Greek and Hebrew is “able to fully capture” exactly what the original readers understood? I would say there are limits to understanding the original languages as well.
If I may also respond. If the argument is being made (and it appears this is the construct of the proposition with which an appeal is being made) that because we cannot, due to our limits, “fully capture exactly what the original readers understood” we must then alter our view and approach regarding the original languages vs translations (particularly in our own language), I would respond with the somewhat glaring observation that our limits aren’t a relief for us from our responsibility to reference our source (Greek and Hebrew manuscripts) which is in fact the very source from which whatever translation one is using, is derived.

And with that said, it seems to beg the question as to whether this would then actually lower the value of the English translation (or any translation) by conceding that translators could not have “fully captured exactly what the original readers understood” and points to the need of further investigation, discovery and amplification by way of none other than the Greek and Hebrew texts.

My blog: http://thepedestrianchristian.blogspot.com/

Wed, 01/27/10
RP.

Thanks for your clarification and I do hope you appreciated my use of the conditional “if” in the “if the argument is being made” so as to communicate my intent was not based in an assumption, rather conditionally upon further clarification by you. Thanks for the interaction.

Alex

My blog: http://thepedestrianchristian.blogspot.com/

Wed, 01/27/10
[RPittman] Aaron, you are precisely correct in your observations. However, this does not negate my point. Aren’t we being a little narrow and one-dimensional in our thinking by restricting revelation to the semantical content of words? Surely we are sophisticated enough to recognize the role of context and culture. Perhaps the Believing Church brings a kind of theological redaction to give the proper semantic content to translations. I am very intrigued by how the KJV came to give theological definition to English words even in secular literature. To put it another way, the theological orthodoxy of the Believing Church molds the translation into Scriptural orthodoxy. What do you think?
I think I understand what you’re getting at. But I’d say first, that “context and culture” are part of what determines the “semantic content of words.” But is it possible that a kind of spiritual culture and context should be part of determining that semantic content as well? I think that was certainly the case. The apostles gave additional meaning to some words that the words didn’t have before their use in the Christian context. But the words still mean what they meant to the original authors. How early believers understood them would be part of the process of identifying what the words mean in the biblical context. How we understand them today… or they understood them in 1611 would have to be secondary to how they were understood at the time of writing.

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
[RPittman] Finally, 1611 holds little signification, except possibly as opportune to the development of the English language, because we are speaking of process rather than a feat accomplished. The significance is not in the instance of translation but what the KJV is in the context of the Believing Church. Of course, I think my reference was to the KJV’s influence on the language and secular literature.
RP,

I’m understanding where you’re coming from more now and appreciate your point of view. I’m interested to see if you think the KJV is somehow to be viewed as more “in the context of the Believing Church” than the NIV or ESV. If so, how do you come to that conclusion?

Striving for the unity of the faith, for the glory of God ~ Eph. 4:3, 13; Rom. 15:5-7 I blog at Fundamentally Reformed. Follow me on Twitter.

Wed, 01/27/10
I’ll echo Bob’s question.

But some thoughts also on this…
I am not persuaded that we can replicate the context through academic scholarship. Because we are not part and particle of their culture, how do we precisely know what the words spoke to these early believers? Most of what we know about these early believers is based on secondary sources. Thus, what we have as underlying data is someone’s perception of these early Christians.
I don’t think I disagree with you here except that there seems to be an underlying assumption that we have to know precisely… and you’ve exaggerated a bit with “someone’s perception.” It doesn’t come down to one person’s perception by a long shot. And though we do not know “precisely,” having not been there, we study in order to get increasingly close to “precisely” over time. The more hard data get’s dug up and the more good scholarship is accomplished, the more confidently we can discern what is meant. It’s interesting to me that now many of the linguistic battles are about nuances in categories that didn’t even exist in the study a few decades ago (very few were talking about aktionstart in Greek studies, for example). This is because so much more of the language is understood, though there is still more to be figured out.

In any case, it isn’t true that we have to discern meaning either by linguistic studies or by “the believing church.” As a result, the fact that there is uncertainty in linguistic studies does not argue for a “believing church” view of preservation that excludes study of the available facts. But there is a bigger problem, which Bob’s question speaks to.

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
I wonder if we might’ve overlooked the exemplar of the Scriptures in the area of perspicuity and preservation, esp. where the NT quotes the OT.

Although marked and multiple textual variants exist between the NT’s quotes and the OT Masoretic (often assumed closest to the autographs), the NT never regards its quotes from the OT as anything less than hai graphai, the Scriptures that are inspired of God and regarded as authoritative God’s Word. Some might argue that those were not textual differences at all but translational liberties, which would only shed further light in the area of translational philosophy and technique.

As for “understandability” or perspicuity, other than the parables of Christ (hidden to those who don’t have an ear to hear) and certain hidden sayings in Revelation, the general direction of the NT (doubtless mirroring the OT’s as well) would be in favour of aiding comprehension. Aramaic sayings are translated into Greek. Parallelism is used to reinforce messages. Similes and metaphors are used galore. The Word is regarded as light and not smoke or a shroud.

Perhaps Bernard’s arguing against those who insist on leaving things obscure on the basis of literalism, transferring idioms wholesale rather than interpreting and giving the sense, or perhaps using an alternate idiom in the target language. My suggestion would be that we have an exemplar in the Scriptures themselves. So why not base our positions on understandability and preservation on those?

Wed, 01/27/10
Part two posts real soon (maybe in about 40 minutes.) Perhaps that will help answer your question… I’m not entirely clear myself on what you’re asking since it looks to me like Hantz is deriving his positions from Scripture.

Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.

Wed, 01/27/10
[RPittman]

How do we determine whether the differences are textual differences or translational differences?
Arrgh, I was hoping the question would be directed at a real expert, and there are some solid pillars on this board. Frankly, I don’t have the answer and tend to vacillate. In any case, this is a question that merits closer investigation by the experts.
How do we know “the exemplar of the Scriptures” is intentional?
Two responses to this: 1. We’ve been basing arguments on the exemplar of Scriptures for things like literary/aesthetic morality. Agreed, it’s been assumed rather than proven, but that’s been pretty standard practice. Of course, this is no excuse to reexamine the proof.

2. It’s not the exemplar of the written Word only, but Christ’s direct speech is an exemplar as well, as in the Luke 2 (cf. Isaiah 61) quotation, which He regarded as authoritative, to-be-fulfilled “Scripture.” And we know we’re to be conformed to His image and to follow in His steps.
How do we control for the varying interpretations of different translators?
Three responses on this: 1. The historico-grammatico-literary method’s pretty well established as a hermeneutical principle. So the mystical imagination-run-wild stuff’s pretty much rejected.

2. The dynamic equivalence method, though much maligned, is scientific to an extent in the sense that it can produce somewhat predictable results over and again in the target language. I think this was correctly pointed out by Bernard in his chapter in God’s Word in Our Hands. So it’s not totally dependent on what the translators might’ve had for breakfast.

3. Given the obsession we’ve been seeing over literalism and formal equivalency in Fundamentalist circles, contra the OT quotes in the NT, I think we need to lighten up on “control.” Say, which Fundamentalist school would let Jesus on its pulpit if it knew He was gonna read and preach outta His version of Isaiah 61?
The ideas have some intriguing appeal but I would like to see more discussion and elaboration. You have hit upon something with the importance of “understandability and preservation.” Let’s hear more.
Thanks, but rather, I be all ears!