A Wisdom Case for Total Abstinence from Alcohol in Modern Times
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In my view, the Bible is just ambiguous enough on the topic of beverage alcohol to put the question in the category of matters of conscience. But matters of conscience are not matters to “leave alone;” they’re not excluded from the call to “consider one another in order to stir up love and good works” (Heb. 10:24).
These issues call for respectful challenging of one another’s assumptions — and for pondering the path of our feet (Prov. 4:26).
So, I offer here a few thoughts, mainly with two groups of people in mind: those who are trying to decide what sort of stand they ought to make in their own lives, and those who are looking for ways to communicate a no-drinking position to others they care about.
I’m aware that most of the moderate-consumption advocates I know won’t find this at all persuasive, so in that sense, it’s not an entry in “the debate.” But in another sense, it is: some of the undecided and open minded may find something here that bears fruit later on.
Some framing
A strong wisdom case begins by pointing out a few facts and dismissing some distractions. For brevity’s sake here, just the facts.
- Relative to today, people in Bible times had fewer beverage options; it was harder (maybe impossible) to avoid fermented beverages entirely, even if you wanted to.
- In ancient times, wine was not normally fortified with alcohol as it often is today (more on this practice at winespectator.om, and winecoolerdirect.com, eater.com and of course Wikipedia).
- If not before, certainly after the rise of Greek culture, wine was routinely diluted with water (NY Times, Wikipedia), often to the point that the mix was more water than wine (winespectator.com, “Wine and Rome.”)
Along with these background facts, a few logically obvious points are often lost in the fray in discussions on this topic.
- Not everyone who ever got drunk started out with the intention of getting drunk.
- Nobody ever got drunk without a first drink.
- Nobody ever got chemically addicted to alcohol with the intention of getting addicted to alcohol.
- More than 10,000 people were killed in drunk driving crashes in the U.S. in 2016 (“It’s Not an ‘Accident,’ It’s a Crime.” Sheriff & Deputy, March/April 2018). Nobody who ever drove drunk and killed someone had their first drink that night with a DUI crash fatality as their goal.
I could go on like this for some time, talking about cheating lovers, domestic violence, and all sorts of other alcohol induced or aggravated crimes. To many of us, these facts alone point to some obvious conclusions. But they’re just background lighting for a biblical wisdom case against beverage alcohol.
The argument from wisdom
For various reasons, a “wisdom case” against beverage alcohol consumption tries to avoid the argument that Scripture directly forbids beverage alcohol or that Jesus and the apostles drank only non-alcoholic wine.
The wisdom case I’ve taught in various venues goes like this:
1 Believers must be wise stewards.
A few passages help bring well-known principle into fresh focus.
Behold, I am sending you out as sheep in the midst of wolves, so be wise as serpents and innocent as doves. (ESV, Matthew 10:16)
Moreover, it is required of stewards that they be found faithful. (1 Cor. 4:2)
The beginning of wisdom is this: Get wisdom, and whatever you get, get insight. (Prov. 4:7)
So then each of us will give an account of himself to God. (Rom. 14:12)
The “so what” of this principle is that if a course of action is dumb, we shouldn’t do it. If there’s a smarter option, we should do that instead. It’s good stewardship.
2 We are called to keep our minds sharp.
But as for you, teach what accords with sound doctrine. 2 Older men are to be sober-minded, dignified, self-controlled, (Titus 2:1-2)
For you are all children of light, children of the day. We are not of the night or of the darkness. 6 So then let us not sleep, as others do, but let us keep awake and be sober. 7 For those who sleep, sleep at night, and those who get drunk, are drunk at night. 8 But since we belong to the day, let us be sober … (1 Thess. 5:5–8)
Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. (1 Pet. 5:8)
These passages add up to strong direction to avoid anything that is likely to compromise our ability to stay sharp in tempting times.
3 Beverage alcohol poses dangers to both wise stewardship and sharp-mindedness.
The Bible’s warning passages in reference to “wine” and “strong drink” are well known, and it’s commonly claimed that they refer only to drunkenness and not to having the occasional drink. But as noted above, it’s really not rational to propose a complete non-relationship between drunkenness and “one drink.” You can’t have the former without the latter. They’re connected.
Since many get drunk without starting out with that goal, it’s absurd to claim that a single drink poses no risk at all of leading to drunkenness.
The likelihood may be low, but the stakes are high.
Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has strife? Who has complaining? Who has wounds without cause? Who has redness of eyes? 30 Those who tarry long over wine; those who go to try mixed wine. 31 Do not look at wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup and goes down smoothly. 32 In the end it bites like a serpent and stings like an adder. 33 Your eyes will see strange things, and your heart utter perverse things. 34 You will be like one who lies down in the midst of the sea, like one who lies on the top of a mast. 35 “They struck me,” you will say, “but I was not hurt; they beat me, but I did not feel it. When shall I awake? I must have another drink.” (Prov. 23:29–35)
To this and similar passages, we should add the humiliation of Noah (Gen. 9:20-26) and the degradation of Lot (Gen. 19:30-38). It’s significant that the first occurrence of “wine” in the Bible is a story of tragic family consequences. Did either of these men sit down with a mug that day thinking, “I believe I’ll get drunk now and do something ruinous”?
4 Avoiding pointless hazards is wise.
There is no risk-free living. Driving to work every day is a risky activity — but so is farming the back forty. We take these risks because they’re unavoidable and because the potential gain is worth the degree of risk involved. But acts with a high risk and low potential are just stupid, and recklessness is not a fruit of the Spirit!
The prudent sees danger and hides himself, but the simple go on and suffer for it. (Prov. 22:3)
Folly is a joy to him who lacks sense, but a man of understanding walks straight ahead. (Prov. 15:21)
When a man’s folly brings his way to ruin, his heart rages against the Lord. (Prov. 19:3)
In our culture, we’d say the fool “gets it.” You have to enjoy life. Cut loose and have a good time … and it’s God’s fault when things go horribly wrong.
5 We should seek every advantage for successful competition.
Olympic athletes have a distinctive way of arranging their lives in pursuit of success. Their personal discipline amazes. They take advantage of every tiny detail of posture, clothing, or gear that might gain them a performance edge. Mostly, we respect that. They’re competing at the highest level.
Do you not know that in a race all the runners run, but only one receives the prize? So run that you may obtain it. 25 Every athlete exercises self-control in all things. They do it to receive a perishable wreath, but we an imperishable. 26 So I do not run aimlessly; I do not box as one beating the air. 27 But I discipline my body and keep it under control, lest after preaching to others I myself should be disqualified. (1 Cor. 9:24–27)
Every Christian is called to Olympic-level godliness –- elite uprightness of character. Few can claim to have achieved that, but the pursuit is supposed to be where we live every day.
I press on toward the goal for the prize of the upward call of God in Christ Jesus. (Philippians 3:14)
Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses, let us also lay aside every weight, and sin which clings so closely, and let us run with endurance the race that is set before us, (Heb. 12:1)
If there is spiritual advantage in total abstinence, shouldn’t we be eager to seize that advantage?
Avoiding fermented beverages wasn’t easy in ancient times. There is little evidence that most bothered to even try. But in our times, tee-totaling is easy. Alcohol is a much-to-risk and almost nothing to gain scenario, and abstaining is a negligible sacrifice with a significant benefit. Wasting that opportunity is simply not wise.
Aaron Blumer 2016 Bio
Aaron Blumer is a Michigan native and graduate of Bob Jones University and Central Baptist Theological Seminary (Plymouth, MN). He and his family live in small-town western Wisconsin, not far from where he pastored for thirteen years. In his full time job, he is content manager for a law-enforcement digital library service. (Views expressed are the author's own and not his employer's, church's, etc.)
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I guess maybe I should add that I’m not completely denying the application of wisdom to this topic. It was mentioned earlier of some who struggled with alcohol and was encouraged by others in a new church setting to partake. That was a bad choice and unwise not only on the part of the person who fell back into alcoholism, but also those who encouraged him to partake knowing his background. Love and wisdom would have caused them to consider his weaknesses.
[Aaron Blumer]Does it? Or does it speak of oinos (or pick one of the other original language words that we translate into “wine”) positively?
That’s correct. It does not speak at all of the ingredient we call alcohol. There are some passages that speak of results that we today know are specifically from the alcohol. These are all negative (other than medicinal use). There are positive passages about the whole called “wine” but zero of these refer unambiguously to the part that is alcohol.
Part-whole fallacies are very common in writing on this topic.
So am I to assume that the beverages mentioned in Deuteronomy 14:26 are non-alcoholic and that when Jesus was accused of being a winebibber that the wine he drank was non-alcoholic?
[Ken S]I guess that depends on whether you are a two-wine believer or not, and how you are able to arrive at determining which is which. I struggle with the “wine spoken positively=automatically means unfermented” and vice-versa position.
I agree. I think there’s a legitimate challenge either way. Either we wrestle with the two-wines concept, or we wrestle with the blessing of enjoying vs. the warnings against. Let each be convinced in his own mind and lovingly accept others who disagree. But I think the Bible is ambiguous on whether or not the beverage itself was alcoholic. In other words, the original language words are not, in themselves, defined as requiring alcohol.
Ashamed of Jesus! of that Friend On whom for heaven my hopes depend! It must not be! be this my shame, That I no more revere His name. -Joseph Grigg (1720-1768)
[JNoël]Ken S wrote:
I guess that depends on whether you are a two-wine believer or not, and how you are able to arrive at determining which is which. I struggle with the “wine spoken positively=automatically means unfermented” and vice-versa position.
I agree. I think there’s a legitimate challenge either way. Either we wrestle with the two-wines concept, or we wrestle with the blessing of enjoying vs. the warnings against. Let each be convinced in his own mind and lovingly accept others who disagree. But I think the Bible is ambiguous on whether or not the beverage itself was alcoholic. In other words, the original language words are not, in themselves, defined as requiring alcohol.
I think you’re pretty much right on with this post.
Folks, the simple fact of the matter is that when I read Teachout’s thesis, and as I’ve interacted with Mr. Brumbelow, the times when either actually has workable evidence are precious few. As I see things, the only credibility of “two wines” theory is among teetotaling fundamentalists.
To draw a picture, I have yet to hear anyone name another substance besides alcohol that could result in the dulling of the senses referred to in John 2:10. I have yet to read a reasonable explanation of how, if the wine Jesus made at Cana had been (per the Bee) akin to Welch’s grape juice, nobody would have noticed. Weddings were not held during harvest, for obvious reasons, and wine ferments quickly. I have yet to hear anyone name another beverage besides wine (or later, distilled spirits) that actually gets better with age per Luke 5:39.
With what other Biblical word would we allow a casual substitution of definitions that inexplicably works conveniently for our social habits? Maybe bread that nourishes us is good ancient whole wheat pita or barley loaves, and the bread that makes us fat is Wonder? Or vice versa? What about we substitute a different definition for salvation, or faith, in certain contexts? Anybody going for that?
Really, the “two wines” theory isn’t just a crime against evidence and the ordinary rules of exegesis and hermeneutics. It’s an assault on Sola Scriptura and the First Fundamental.
Aspiring to be a stick in the mud.
[Ron Bean] My engine (heart) is now a four-cylinder and it just doesn’t do well in an old big truck body.
[JNoël]JNoël - Thu, 03/22/2018 - 12:55pm
I’m just trying to figure out whether or not you take things like gluttony the same way as other things in scripture. In other words, you and others here must have a different overall hermeneutic to be coming to such differences in opinion on scripture. From the way you talk, it seems you believe Aaron Blumer to be intellectually dishonest in his choice to brush aside gluttony and, instead, focus on alcohol. But I don’t think you really believe that, I just think you interpret and apply scripture differently than him and others - which is why I asked questions about other things in the Bible, to try to gauge how you interpret scripture.
[Aaron Blumer]Aaron Blumer - Fri, 03/23/2018 - 9:37am
That’s correct. It does not speak at all of the ingredient we call alcohol. There are some passages that speak of results that we today know are specifically from the alcohol. These are all negative (other than medicinal use). There are positive passages about the whole called “wine” but zero of these refer unambiguously to the part that is alcohol.
Part-whole fallacies are very common in writing on this topic.
[Bert Perry]Bert Perry - Fri, 03/23/2018 - 10:27am
Really, the “two wines” theory isn’t just a crime against evidence and the ordinary rules of exegesis and hermeneutics. It’s an assault on Sola Scriptura and the First Fundamental.
This is why I asked you questions outside this topic yesterday, because clearly we are not interpreting scripture in the same manner.
At this point, the hermeneutical discussion becomes most important, because it will reveal where our differences truly lie.
Ashamed of Jesus! of that Friend On whom for heaven my hopes depend! It must not be! be this my shame, That I no more revere His name. -Joseph Grigg (1720-1768)
Regarding the repeated “sad case” of the wife beater, it’s worth noting that it is, again, drunkenness, not moderate alcohol use, that leads to this kind of crime. This, along with the fact that few people actually become “accidentally” drunk for many reasons, ought to exclude this topic from the discussion. Nobody on either side denies that drunkenness is a sin.
Regarding the requirements for police officers to come to work stone cold sober, absolutely. It makes a difference when you may apprehend violent criminals after 100mph+ car chases, but then when they are off duty, they merely need to be within the bounds of the law. OK, tell me why we would hold people whose daily lives do not include these things ought to be regimented more strictly than those of peace officers. This “argument” makes absolutely no sense.
Besides, if we want to talk about the requirements for police officers, let’s talk about physical fitness requirements. If we can be required to totally abstain from alcohol in part because officers need to be stone cold sober to handle criminals and high speed chases, why don’t we apply that, too?
Oh, no takers? Why not?
And to expand on the “two wines” thing, what the theory basically does is tell people that Scripture does not mean what it clearly says when it’s inconvenient. Sorry, but that’s going to leave a much bigger mark on Christian life than a few glasses of wine and beer drunk by the faithful.
Really, if “two wines” advocates really believe what they’re saying, they need to come up with a new translation that “corrects” this, much like the JW’s created the NWT. Hint; it’s a bad idea for exactly the same reasons the NWT is a farce. Lots of evangelical teetotalers, many who would make similar arguments to Aaron’s, worked to create the NIV, ESV, NKJV, and HCSB, but none of them dared to attempt the translation malpractice that would accompany such an effort.
Aspiring to be a stick in the mud.
[Bert Perry]And to expand on the “two wines” thing, what the theory basically does is tell people that Scripture does not mean what it clearly says when it’s inconvenient.
In your opinion, using your exegetical hermeneutical approach, which I have yet to figure out.
Your arguments are wearying and have moved away from what seemed to be well-grounded discussion points into a soap box. Forgive me if this comes across as holier-than-thou, but I’m moving on, because there is little being said any longer that is helping to bolster your position.
Ashamed of Jesus! of that Friend On whom for heaven my hopes depend! It must not be! be this my shame, That I no more revere His name. -Joseph Grigg (1720-1768)
We have a few doctrines affected by this. If the ordinary meaning of “wine”, both in English and in the root languages, is an alcoholic beverage, the general rule is that when we see that word in the text, we use that definition. Sometimes the context can make it clear that it’s being modified, or is being used in a figurative way, but the trick is that you have to demonstrate from that immediate context that the ordinary definition cannot apply.
This is critical to any essentially literal exegetical or hermeneutical method, and is at the root of the “perspicuity of Scripture”, Sola Scriptura, and the First Fundamental.
For “two wines” theorists, however, there is (with a few inconsequential exceptions) little attempt to justify assumptions like that you’re making for John 2. Rather, the assumption is made simply that because Jesus is holy, He could not have made real wine. There is no textual hint that would lead us there, but rather the fact that some uses could be figurative (true) is used to conveniently assume that in this case, it is a non-literal use.
Notice here that the interpretation of Scripture in cases like this becomes circular reasoning, a tautology. We go in assuming Jesus (and Christians) ought to have nothing to do with wine, and not surprisingly end up at the exact same place.
Worse yet, the tautology is worked through a filter, a Magisterium if you will, of church tradition. Yes, I am saying that in effect, “two wines” advocates end up on the wrong side of the Tiber, though obviously not in the same ways as the church of Rome. It also sets up the creators of this Magisterium as de facto heads of the church.
Obviously this is a dangerous place to be.
One more comment here; the way you prove me wrong is to provide the historical and textual context that would indicate that specifically in John 2 (or other disputed passages), the right translation is indeed something not meaning an alcoholic beverage. The door is open.
Aspiring to be a stick in the mud.
[Bert Perry]This is critical to any essentially literal exegetical or hermeneutical method, and is at the root of the “perspicuity of Scripture”, Sola Scriptura, and the First Fundamental.
For “two wines” theorists, however, there is (with a few inconsequential exceptions) little attempt to justify assumptions like that you’re making for John 2. Rather, the assumption is made simply that because Jesus is holy, He could not have made real wine. There is no textual hint that would lead us there, but rather the fact that some uses could be figurative (true) is used to conveniently assume that in this case, it is a non-literal use.
I have been chewing on this for a few days, and I’d like to continue the conversation, if we may. I have a few questions.
Do you believe “wine” applies to all alcoholic beverages available today (beer, whiskey, etc.), or only to wine?
Concerning John 2:
1) Do you believe Jesus drank wine at the wedding? I ask because I can’t see anywhere in the text that this account tells us that Jesus and/or the disciples drank wine there. This might not matter in the discussion; I thought I saw somewhere at some time someone assuming Jesus drank wine at the wedding. It would be an assumption, as far as I can tell, because none of the translations I referred to (KJV, NKJV, NIV, NASB, ESV, CSB) say Jesus drank wine there.
2) Does the Bible tell us anything about the difference between good wine and poorer wine (good wine vs. that which is worse; good wine vs. poor wine; choice wine vs. cheaper wine; pick a translation)? There clearly must be some difference, because the text tells us that when the person drank the miracle wine that it obviously tasted different from something else. If the Bible does not tell us what the difference is, then that leaves us with an unanswerable question, one in which there will always be room for disagreement (i.e., scriptural ambiguity = matter of conscience).
Ashamed of Jesus! of that Friend On whom for heaven my hopes depend! It must not be! be this my shame, That I no more revere His name. -Joseph Grigg (1720-1768)
In church today, I taught on Zech 9:9-11, and the prophesy which led to Palm Sunday and Jesus’ triumphal entry. When I read the text aloud, I came to this (Zech 9:17):
Yea, how good and how fair it shall be!
Grain shall make the young men flourish,
and new wine the maidens.
… and, without consciously thinking about it or planning it, I added, “clearly, Zechariah was referring to Welch’s grape juice,” and then continued to read the rest of the chapter. The entire church erupted in laughter.
It’s nice to have fun every once and a while!
Tyler is a pastor in Olympia, WA and works in State government.
Let’s do the numbered questions first. Did Jesus actually drink the wine there? It doesn’t say so explicitly, but that would certainly have been the custom then, and hence it would have been noted by those there if He hadn’t—perhaps would have even been seen as rudeness. I’d be about 99% sure He did just from the social context, especially since nobody called out “nonsense” at other times when He was accused of being a “glutton and a drunkard” by the Pharisees—and He responded by noting that the Son of Man came eating and drinking. He also noted (timely point here) at the Last Supper when He would next enjoy the fruit of the vine, implying that….He’d been enjoying the fruit of the vine at various points before.
I’d be very surprised, then, if he hadn’t partaken at Cana. You simply have to do a fair amount of exegetical gymnastics to argue otherwise.
Regarding what makes good wine or bad wine, you’ve got Luke 5:39, really. The old wine—aged without the presence of air—is better. You would further have the well known difference between wine and vinegar—there’s that air again—but after that, it would be matters of taste. Sweet or dry? Oaked or young?
Regarding your initial question, I assume you’re asking whether a permission for wine permits beer or hard liquor. If we admit that Scripture does allow the moderate use of the intoxicant we now know as alcohol, then we would say yes—even with Everclear, though I fail to see the purpose in that particular spirit. (Everclear is a 95% alcohol version of vodka to which no particular effort has been devoted to taste)
Really, it all comes down to about the same hermeneutic that we fundamentalists like to insist upon with the word “Israel” as meaning the Hebrew nation and not the church, and the same hermeneutic that we insist on with the first few chapters of Genesis. For me, it’s “God said it, that settles it.”. When I see the word “wine”—and look it up in the original languages to mean about the same thing as it does today—it takes a big reason for me to believe it’s anything else.
The door is open, but I simply don’t see any hints in the texts to translate it any other ways, and quite frankly I see a lot of hints that it’s translated correctly. (like the tastebuds dulling, the wine-skins bursting, the old wine is better, etc..) I could be convinced, but it’s going to take a LOT better arguments than I’ve seen so far.
Aspiring to be a stick in the mud.
[Bert Perry]Did Jesus actually drink the wine there? It doesn’t say so explicitly, but that would certainly have been the custom then, and hence it would have been noted by those there if He hadn’t—perhaps would have even been seen as rudeness. I’d be about 99% sure He did just from the social context, especially since nobody called out “nonsense” at other times when He was accused of being a “glutton and a drunkard” by the Pharisees—and He responded by noting that the Son of Man came eating and drinking. He also noted (timely point here) at the Last Supper when He would next enjoy the fruit of the vine, implying that….He’d been enjoying the fruit of the vine at various points before.
I’d be very surprised, then, if he hadn’t partaken at Cana. You simply have to do a fair amount of exegetical gymnastics to argue otherwise.
Okay, well I guess we’ve come to the point of understanding why we believe differently. You believe exegetical gymnastics are required to argue that Jesus didn’t consume alcohol, yet nowhere in the entire passage of the wedding at Cana does it say Jesus consumed wine. What you just did is eisegesis, not exegesis.
The Bible also never explains whether or not “fruit of the vine” is alcoholic, so that is still on the table as assumption. The argument that all crushed grapes poured into a glass instantly include alcoholic content is irrelevant, because you know full well that the alcoholic content is so low that it would take more of it than the body could hold to even get a slight buzz.
[Bert Perry]If we admit that Scripture does allow the moderate use of the intoxicant we now know as alcohol
More conjecture.
I appreciate your response, and it does help me understand a little of why you believe not only Jesus consumed alcholic wine but also why Christians today should welcome it and consider it a blessing. I would willingly fellowship with you as a Christian brother, but I find the arguments you make include far too many assumptions, and with something as dangerous as alcoholic beverages I stand with the opinion that abstinence is the wiser choice.
Ashamed of Jesus! of that Friend On whom for heaven my hopes depend! It must not be! be this my shame, That I no more revere His name. -Joseph Grigg (1720-1768)
Interestingly, the Bible never says Jesus made alcohol. It only says He made wine. What kind of wine is your interpretation.
If you want to interpret the Bible by believing that the sinless Jesus went to a drunken party and made additional great amounts of alcohol, then go ahead, but the evidence is otherwise.
The Bible calls both alcoholic and nonalcoholic wine by the same name, “wine.”
In the same verse, Jesus referred to both unfermented and fermented grape juice as “wine” (oinos) in Matthew 9:17.
Scripture refers to grapes on the vine as wine (Isaiah 65:8).
It refers to grape juice just treaded out of the grapes as wine (Nehemiah 13:15; Proverbs 3:10; Isaiah 16:10; Joel 2:24).
Scripture refers to many kinds of wine (Nehemiah 5:18).
And, in the final analysis, Aaron Blumer’s article here is right. It is unwise to partake of recreational, mind-altering drugs. It is also unwise to encourage others to do so.
David R. Brumbelow
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