The Continuity of Theological Concepts: A New Covenant Reading of Old Covenant Texts
While studying and teaching Zechariah 9-14 near Beirut, Lebanon I was challenged to think about the meaning and relevance of those chapters to Lebanese believers who often suffer because of the animosity between Lebanon and the very nation and people who are mentioned in those chapters. Does an alleged promised restoration of Israel and Jerusalem bring comfort or chagrin to believers in Lebanon? After all, are not Arabic speaking believers and Jewish believers in the Middle East the true people of God? Are they not the ones who should expect to share in the triumph of God? Does present day Israel have a “favored nation” status that trumps the “holy nation” of the church (1 Pet 2:9-10)?
Furthermore, does not a similar conundrum exist for those of us who live in North America? Do these texts have anything relevant to say to a largely Gentile church? Do we simply rejoice because ethnic Israel is to be restored or do we rejoice because the triumph which the old covenant nation expected is the triumph that belongs to all of those who are children of God through faith in Jesus Christ? Admittedly, the question of relevancy should not be determinative in the understanding of biblical texts but it does raise questions that might not be raised otherwise.
Additionally, not only does the difficulty of finding relevance in Zechariah 9-14 to Lebanese and North American believers pose a challenge, but so does a careful reading of the New Testament. Reading the Old and New Testaments separately, one might conclude that two distinct and contrasting Bibles exist (Old Testament and New Testament) written to two distinct peoples (Jews and Christians) with only shared lessons of moral application or common interest in the promised Messiah. Otherwise, one might conclude that God has distinct purposes for Jews and Gentiles. While interpreting texts in isolation from the larger corpus of Scripture makes this conclusion textually possible, a canonical reading of the Bible questions whether it is theologically justifiable and whether it adequately represents the biblical-theological message of the Bible which centers in the restoration of God’s original purposes as presented in Genesis 1-2, distorted in Genesis 3-11, given new hope in Genesis 12, and consummated in the coming of the Messiah.
Admittedly, a “pre- New Testament” reading of Zechariah 9-14 and the Old Testament on its own may lead one to conclude that ethnic Israelites are the people of God, earthly Jerusalem is the city He has chosen, He is present in the Jewish temple, the enemies of Israel will be defeated and Gentiles will make their way to Jerusalem, the Messiah will come humbly on a donkey and in glory with a display of power, etc.
However, Christians cannot read the Old Testament on its own because it is not on its own. It is part of the Christian Bible which includes both Old and New Testament. The Old Testament is a book of introduction, preparation, and expectation; the New Testament is a book of conclusion, denouement, and fulfillment. The OT informs the NT by giving background, promises, and a developing story line. The NT finalizes the story line and sees promise come to fulfillment.
The OT helps us understand the NT by introducing theological concepts which are continued in the NT, such as God, creation, sin, redemption, kingdom, people of God, temple, holy city, enemies, exile and restoration, etc. The NT expands on these concepts often giving them new clarity in light of the full and final revelation that comes with the advent of Jesus Christ.
Though there is continuity of theological concepts, there is discontinuity in the contextualization of these concepts. I suggest that in both the Old and New Testaments God addresses His people in language and terms that they generally understood, yet retaining a bit of mystery, because the ultimate reality, which God brings in the triumph of the Messiah, defies the ability of human language to fully convey.
If in the future believing Jews of the old covenant see the New Jerusalem coming out of heaven and witness the triumph of God over all evil and enemies, would they say, “I’m disappointed that it did not turn out ‘literally’ as portrayed in the language of the OT.” No, they would likely say, “This fulfillment not only satisfies all which God promised but goes far beyond what could be expected. Thank you, Lord.”
As I read Zechariah 9-14 and similar texts in light of the New Testament I look for theological concepts that are continuous between the testaments and interpret them in light of the fuller and final revelation of the New Testament. For instance, the theological theme of “people of God” is represented primarily by Israel in the Old Testament. Yet, we understand in the New Testament that the true “seed” of Abraham were those who had the faith of Abraham, regardless of ethnicity (Rom 2; Gal 3; 1 Pet 2). The “holy city” of the Old Testament was physical, geographical Jerusalem; in the New Testament the holy city is the New Jerusalem (Heb 12:18-24, Rev 21, 22). Furthermore, the New Testament even suggests that Abraham knew that the physical reality of “land and city” anticipated something more than earthly geography (Heb 11:10, 16; Rom 4:13). The theme of “temple as the place of God’s presence” in the Old Testament was primarily confined to the tabernacle and temple of ancient Israel; in the New Testament, Jesus is ultimately the temple (John 2:19—destroy this temple), believers and the church are the temple (1 Cor 3:16; 6:19), and there is no need of a temple in the new order because God’s presence pervades everything (Rev 21:3, 22).
There are other shared themes such as the ultimate triumph of God, the defeat of enemies, the removal of sin, the transformation of nature, the restoration of the cosmos, the establishment of worship and holiness. In Zechariah 9-14 all of these concepts are portrayed in old covenant language at times exceeding the limits of that language, anticipating the inauguration of the greater realities of the New Covenant and ultimately the consummation.
Old Testament saints had a “two-age” view of history—the age in which they lived and the age to come. The age to come anticipated the advent of the Messiah and the Day of the Lord in which God’s people would be delivered and His enemies would be judged. The age to come was depicted in terms that related to the age in which they lived though the seed of old covenant concepts blossoms into the unforeseen beauty of new covenant realities.
The New Testament declares that “the age to come” was inaugurated at the first advent of Christ (Lk 1:67-80; Acts 2:29-36), that we live in the age that was anticipated (1 Cor 10:11—“on whom the end of the ages has come”), but, though the age has already come, it is not yet consummated, so we anticipate the consummation at His Second Advent (2 Thess 1:5-10).
Consequently, New Covenant believers live between two worlds: having entered the kingdom (Col 1:13) but waiting for the consummate kingdom (Rev 11:15); having become part of the new creation (2 Cor 5:17), yet waiting for the consummate new creation (Rev 21); being seated in the heavens with Christ (Eph 2:6), yet living as strangers on earth (1 Pet 2:11); having witnessed the triumph of Christ over sin, Satan, and death (Col 1:13-15), yet awaiting the consummate world of righteousness (2 Pet 3:13); having tasted in the Spirit the inheritance to come (Eph 1:13-14), yet awaiting consummate glory (1 Pet 5:1).
jpdsr51 Bio
Dr. John P. Davis is currently Lead Pastor of a church plant in Philadelphia, PA. Grace Church of Philly is a gospel-centered city church seeking to reach people of all nations. John received the BA in Bible (Greek minor) at Bob Jones University, MDiv from Calvary Baptist Theological Seminary, the ThM in OT from Westminster Theological Seminary, and the DMin from Biblical Theological Seminary. His ThM thesis was on A Critical Evaluation of the Use of the Abrahamic Covt. in Dispensationalism. His DMin project/dissertation was on Common Factors in the Practice of Ongoing Personal Evangelism. John has pastored two other churches in PA and two in NY. Three were church-plants.
- 75 views
- 9:1-8 Judgment on Israel’s enemies
- 9:9-13 The Coming King of Zion
- 9:14-17 The Lord Will Save His People
- 10:1-12 The Restoration for Judah and Israel
- 11:1-17 The Flock Doomed to Slaughter
- 12:1-9 The Lord Will Give Salvation
- 12:10-13:1 Him Whom They Have Pierced
- 13:2-6 Idolatry Cut Off
- 13:7-9 The Shepherd Struck
- 14:1-21 The Coming Day of the Lord
Comments…
- Zech 9:1-8 literally fulfilled probaby under Alexander the Great
- Zech 9:9 Messiah comes in peace riding on the foal of a donkey. Literally fulfilled at the Triumphal Entry
- Zech 9:10-17 Not yet fulfilled. These verses are suddenly non-literal? More likely: to be fulfilled- 2nd Advent.
- Zech 10:1 A call for prayer Zech 10:2-5 Condemnation of the shepherds and preduction of their destruction. If the preceding section refers to a spiritual Israel (i.e. the new “people of God”) does 10:2-5?
- Zech 10:6-12 Prediction of strengthening and home-bringing of “Israel.” If the preceding judgment section is literal, are we supposed to believe this section is not? Not yet fulfilled. 2nd Advent.
- Zech 11:1-17 Predicts destruction of Israel in judgment. This has either already happened (literally) or is yet to happen (literally).
- Zech 12:1-9 Predicts a seige of Israel by multiple nations. This has either already happened (literally) or is yet to happen (literally).
- Zech 12:10-14 Predicts an outpouring of the Spirit and a national grieving over a pierced one. Though opinions vary as to when this is fulfilled, most seem to see it as literally fulfilled in reference to Christ and Israel is literally Israel.
- Zech 13:1-4 Predicts a (violent) end to idoloatry from “the land” (now not literally Israel?)
- Zech 13:7-9 Predicts death of the shepherd. There appears to be a consensus that this is literally fulfilled in the death of the Messiah.
- Zech 14:1-21 Predicts devasation and judgment followed by restored worship and blessing (now not literal?)
Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.
In this short paper my interest was in the relevance of passages like this to NT believers and not whether there is somekind of ‘literal’ fulfillment. It is possible that things may occur as you have suggested but I would like to hear from you further on a few things:
1) How would you teach these passages with any practical relevance to believers?
2) How would you explain the NT’s transfer of many of these concepts to the church along with the New Covenant union of Jew and Gentile into one body?
3) What is your concept of ‘literal’ and how does it affect your interpretation of apocalyptic literature? Do you (can you) apply it consistently in these passages?
4) Is it not possible that there is an complex mixture of time periods here including Maccabean, destruction of Jerusalem, First and Second coming, as well as a church/inaugurated kingdom age which transforms many of these Old Covenant theological concepts?
Thanks, JOHN
church - www.gracechurchphilly.com blog - www.thegospelfirst.com twitter - @johnpdavis
[John (article)] Do we simply rejoice because ethnic Israel is to be restored or do we rejoice because the triumph which the old covenant nation expected is the triumph that belongs to all of those who are children of God through faith in Jesus Christ?Sounds like literal vs. non-literal to me… or at least a hint of “literal causes relevance problems that are solved by some other approach”?
On #1
I thought about starting out with the relevance question, but needed to look again at what was actually in the text first. I don’t personally find it difficult to see the relevance in a literal reading.
Several highly relevant themes from these passages:
- God keeps His promises
- God is sovereign and chooses whom He will bless with His favor
- God is holy and utterly rejects idolatry of any kind
- God alone is worthy of worship
- Salvation comes on God’s terms and not on ours
- God is merciful and forgives
- God knows the end from the beginning
- God is in control of the rise and fall of nations
- God provides righteousness through the sacrifice of Himself/”our own” righteousness can never amount to anything
- God will one day fully and permanently fix planet earth
There is no need to see these passages as “transfer.” The route that answers best to all the Scriptures involved sees “inclusion in,” or “points of similarity with” etc.
On #3
Apocalyptic is somewhat difficult. But “literal” means that you avoid seeing symbolism where the text itself or the analogy of Scripture doesn’t require it. My own view is that when you have a portion of Scripture that is identified as a vision, you are reading a literal description of a vision. We know visions incorporate symbolism and are intentionally mysterious in various ways (Ezek’s vision of God doesn’t precisely match Daniel’s vision or Isaiah’s vision, etc.) At the same time, when they are rich in detail, the intent isn’t that we should dismiss all that detail as unimportant and declare that—as an example—Revelation means nothing more than “God wins.”
(In preaching through Daniel recently, I couldn’t help but be struck by the emphasis on Daniel “understanding” the visions!)
But what does this have to do w/Zech.9-14? This is not apocalyptic.
On #4
It’s clear that there is some mixture of time periods. I don’t personally see any theological concepts in the passages that need transforming.
Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.
[jpdsr51] In this short paper my interest was in the relevance of passages like this to NT believers and not whether there is some kind of ‘literal’ fulfillment.Hi John,
Aaron’s question, in my mind, goes behind yours, and without his question, your quest for application is quite possibly untethered to the text. We must arrive first at a sound interpretation before we can make responsible application.
To take an easily agreed upon case, Jesus fulfills the “riding on a donkey” prophecy of Zech. 9:9. Hopefully all agree it was a literal fulfillment.
Perhaps you would like to answer - what is the application to today’s believer? We aren’t in the passage, or, are we?
Then move to something controversial: Zech. 12:10-14 and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. In guiding our people responsibly through that passage, we need to wrestle with similar “outpouring” language in the NT, but also with the limited object of the outpouring in Zech. 12:10, “the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem.”
If we leave behind the matter of literalness, who is to say our application isn’t heresy (to quote Haddon Robinson)? Am I, a new covenant believer, in the house of David? Am I an inhabitant of Jerusalem? (I wish)
BTW, I did preach through Zechariah, too. And I agree, there are passages difficult to find what I call “tight” applications, i.e., those easily seen in the text, vs. “general” applications, those that are of the “trust in the sovereignty of God” variety. God has written His word such that we are forced, all of us, to seek the application, but must rely principally on sound interpretation.
There’s my two sense worth.
I agree with Aaron. I have preached messages on this passage many times, with the interpretation that Zech. 9:10 ff are yet to be fulfilled. Believers in three different nations (so far) have been thrilled with this truth, that God has literally fulfilled his promises and will continue to do so, namely: Jesus will return to this earth, set up His Kingdom. Jerusalem on this earth will be the exalted city. The enemies of Jesus and Israel will be literally wiped out in battle. Jesus’ Kingdom will reign from the currently existing Euphrates (“the river”) to the farthest extent of the oceans. There will be literal peace here on earth. War will be ended and weapons destroyed. And there is a clear discontinuity between Israel and other “nations” in this passage. The blessings of the world are clearly tied to God’s blessings that will come upon the nation of Israel. The fact that Israel as a whole is today unbelieving, makes the prophecy even more powerful. You can’t come away from an interpretation like that, believe it, and not expect God does great things, and thus will do great things in your life (which are rather explicitly laid out in the NT letters - we do not need to co-opt passages for ourselves which talk about something different).
Specific, literal fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies that have already taken place gives us great confidence that the Bible is truly God’s Word. Regardless of what pious thoughts are sometimes given that we do not need proof if we have God’s Word, God constructed us as beings that test for truth. One of the stipulations about prophecy laid down in the Law of Moses is that if prophecy does not have exact fulfillment, don’t listen to the prophet. When we read in Micah that the Messiah is to be born in Bethlehem, then read the Gospel story about how this literally came about, we are amazed at God’s foreknowledge, wisdom and might. It is unfortunate that our expectations of future fulfillment of God’s prophetic Word are significantly lowered by changing the meaning of prophecy to be “spiritual” or “in the Church” or whatever you want to call it (just not literal peace on earth, not national Israel, not literal Jerusalem on earth - whose dimensions in OT prophecy differ in the extreme from the heavenly Jerusalem described in Revelation 21-22).
Jeff Brown
Thanks for an insightful and thoughtful treatment of a challenging passage. Your approach makes an awful lot of sense to me.
Warm regards,
Greg Barkman
G. N. Barkman
[Ted Bigelow]…Then move to something controversial: Zech. 12:10-14 and the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. In guiding our people responsibly through that passage, we need to wrestle with similar “outpouring” language in the NT, but also with the limited object of the outpouring in Zech. 12:10, “the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem.”I want to challenge this a bit. And I’m just using Ted’s words here it isn’t about him it’s a bigger issue. What John is doing is trying to do justice to the NT teaching which is quite clear on how much continuity there is between God’s people before Christ and afterward. The comments here by the opposing view center only on Zecharaiah mostly.
If we leave behind the matter of literalness, who is to say our application isn’t heresy (to quote Haddon Robinson)? Am I, a new covenant believer, in the house of David? Am I an inhabitant of Jerusalem? (I wish)…
If we just had Jer. 31, then yes, we aren’t “new covenant believers”, to use Ted’s terms. But the New Testament tells us the new covenant has begun. Jesus said as much in his inauguration of the Lord’s Supper ceremony for the church. “And likewise the cup after they had eaten, saying, ‘This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.’ ” (Luke 22:20 ESV) Paul tells us that he is a minister of the new covenant:
In context, the ministry of the new covenant is Paul’s ministry of spreading the gospel among the gentiles (4:1 “this ministry”… and 4:3-6 “our gospel”).
Furthermore, Hebrews says the old covenant is passing away and insufficient because the new covenant is here, see chapters 8 and 10 of Hebrews where Jeremiah 31:31-34 is quoted and applied as a current reality.
Not only are we “new covenant believers”, we are inhabitants of “Jerusalem” who is our true mother (see Gal. 4:26, Heb. 12:22) and seek a heavenly city in the same sense that OT believers sought a heavenly (not earthly) city (Heb. 13:14, cf. Heb. 11:13-16).
This NT language means something. The NT description of God’s people being a living temple is something that goes beyond OT realities. Something is happening in the NT and it will affect how we understand the OT. 1 Peter tells us that the OT authors often didn’t know what they were writing of, but were writing for our benefit (1 Pt. 1:10-12). And what happened to the OT saints is a lesson and instruction for us and was written for our encouragement (1 Cor. 10:11, Rom. 15:4).
I believe that following the lead of the NT apostles and Jesus, in how they used OT Scripture and saw that it culminated in Jesus Christ and the gospel of grace, is how best to interpret Scripture. Scripture doesn’t leave us without a hermeneutic. A redemptive-historical hermeneutic aims to follow the teaching of the Bible about itself and to understand how Christ truly sums up all things in His own ministry. He fulfills the Law.
I think John Davis’ last paragraph captures the NT age experience well. The new covenant is here but we aren’t experiencing it in all its fullness quite yet. That may mean a millennium, but it certainly means more than a millennium. Christ will reign and we will live on a restored earth for all eternity.
Striving for the unity of the faith, for the glory of God ~ Eph. 4:3, 13; Rom. 15:5-7 I blog at Fundamentally Reformed. Follow me on Twitter.
I do appreciate both of your comments and have been challenged to think about a few things.
church - www.gracechurchphilly.com blog - www.thegospelfirst.com twitter - @johnpdavis
But am I the only one who has trouble harmonizing this…
My approach begins recognizing that the text is a small story in the grand story line of what God accomplishes for us in Christ. OT texts are part of the story and not a separate story.With this…?
It also signals that a radical change has taken place. Where Israel had failed as a covenant-breaking nation, Jesus succeeds in his covenant faithfulness. He is now The Israelite who inherits the promises and consequently (Gal 3) so do all of those in union with him. The NT concept of people of God is changed from national and ethnic to include both Jew and Gentile without national identity.It’s precisely because I do not see the OT as a separate story that I do not believe the NT concept of people of God erases the national dimension. There is no question that the New Cov’t is new and makes some pretty big changes. We all believe that. But the nature and extent of those changes is where the rub lies. It’s really not accurate for either side to claim “continuity” and characterize the other simply as “discontinuity.”
Views expressed are always my own and not my employer's, my church's, my family's, my neighbors', or my pets'. The house plants have authorized me to speak for them, however, and they always agree with me.
[jpdsr51] In the 73 NT references to Abraham there is no mention of a land promise.Dr. Davis,
I think there actually is 1 NT reference to the land promise in conjunction with Abraham. But it fits your contention of the land being expanded.
What do you think of the following:
I contend that “the promise” in view above is the land promise. But it is expanded to include the cosmos rather than just a plot of land in Palestine. And importantly this very promise, of Abraham’s receiving the world/land as his inheritance, is “guaranteed to all his offspring”, meaning us redeemed Gentiles too. This jives with Jesus saying the meek will inherit the earth and with Paul using the land promise tacked on to the “honor your parents” commandment and applying it to the Ephesian children as well. His quoting the land promise there means that the Ephesian children were to get some kind of blessing for honoring their parents too. In light of the connection of God’s presence and the land (Numb. 5:2-3 and 35:33-34), and the concept of rest and the land being the place that rest is experienced (see Hebrews 4), I believe a spiritual blessing is promised in Ephesians 6:3.
Anyway, these thoughts about Romans 4 coupled with Gal. 3 saying the church are the offspring of Abraham, helped me to realize there is much more continuity between the OT people of God and the NT church than I had realized.
If a future en masse conversion of Israelites will happen, it won’t happen apart from their embracing Christ. And then they will be grafted back into the same olive tree that Gentiles are now included in (Rom. 11 with Eph. 2:12, 19).
Thanks again for your post. Thanks to Aaron and company at SI for publishing it.
Striving for the unity of the faith, for the glory of God ~ Eph. 4:3, 13; Rom. 15:5-7 I blog at Fundamentally Reformed. Follow me on Twitter.
[Aaron Blumer] Well, these ideas have been debated for centuries… so it’ll take a couple more posts to settle them once and for all. :DYou go Aaron! I am going to sit this one out. I am sure anyone who cares can probably figure out where I stand H:)
I just rejoice in knowing that Zechariah was one of the great dispensationalists of all time ;)
Church Ministries Representative, serving in the Midwest, for The Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry
[Bob Hayton]I agree with you Bob on the use of cosmos as an expansion or ultimate fulifllment of the land promise. I would say that Israel’s possession of land always anticipated the New Creation as did earthly Jerusalem anticipate the heavenly. Thanks for your insight.[jpdsr51] In the 73 NT references to Abraham there is no mention of a land promise.Dr. Davis,
I think there actually is 1 NT reference to the land promise in conjunction with Abraham. But it fits your contention of the land being expanded.
What do you think of the following:For the promise to Abraham and his offspring that he would be heir of the world did not come through the law but through the righteousness of faith. For if it is the adherents of the law who are to be the heirs, faith is null and the promise is void. For the law brings wrath, but where there is no law there is no transgression. That is why it depends on faith, in order that the promise may rest on grace and be guaranteed to all his offspring—not only to the adherent of the law but also to the one who shares the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all… (Romans 4:13-16 ESV) .
church - www.gracechurchphilly.com blog - www.thegospelfirst.com twitter - @johnpdavis
[jpdsr51] I agree with you Bob on the use of cosmos as an expansion or ultimate fulifllment of the land promise. I would say that Israel’s possession of land always anticipated the New Creation as did earthly Jerusalem anticipate the heavenly. Thanks for your insight.Thanks. I also think that Eden itself was a picture of the ultimate reality of God’s presence, and it was a garden temple as G.K. Beale and others bring out. Rev. 22 brings things full circle as the new heavens and new earth are realized in primarily a single Eden-like temple-city — the New Jerusalem. The recurring theme that God is His people’s God and they are His people, and He dwells with them, finds fulfillment throughout the OT and NT experience culminating in Rev. 21.
I will take you to be my people, and I will be your God, and you shall know that I am the Lord your God, who has brought you out from under the burdens of the Egyptians. (Ex. 6:7 ESV)
I will dwell among the people of Israel and will be their God. (Ex. 29:45 ESV)
I will make my dwelling among you, and my soul shall not abhor you. And I will walk among you and will be your God, and you shall be my people. (Lev. 26:11-12 ESV)
You shall not defile the land in which you live, in the midst of which I dwell, for I the LORD dwell in the midst of the people of Israel. (Numbers 35:34 ESV)
But this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, declares the Lord: I will put my law within them, and I will write it on their hearts. And I will be their God, and they shall be my people. (Jer. 31:33 ESV)
That they may walk in my statutes and keep my rules and obey them. And they shall be my people, and I will be their God. (Ezek. 11:20 ESV)
My dwelling place shall be with them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people. (Ezek. 37:27 ESV)
What agreement has the temple of God with idols? For we are the temple of the living God; as God said, ‘I will make my dwelling among them and walk among them, and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.’ (2 Cor. 6:16 ESV)
And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, “Behold, the dwelling place of God is with man. He will dwell with them, and they will be his people, and God himself will be with them as their God. (Rev. 21:3 ESV)
Anyway, there is so much to say on this topic. God is so good, and the Scriptures fit together so wonderfully.
Striving for the unity of the faith, for the glory of God ~ Eph. 4:3, 13; Rom. 15:5-7 I blog at Fundamentally Reformed. Follow me on Twitter.
[Bob Hayton] I also think that Eden itself was a picture of the ultimate reality of God’s presence, and it was a garden temple as G.K. Beale and others bring out. Rev. 22 brings things full circle as the new heavens and new earth are realized in primarily a single Eden-like temple-city — the New Jerusalem. The recurring theme that God is His people’s God and they are His people, and He dwells with them, finds fulfillment throughout the OT and NT experience culminating in Rev. 21.Yes, I have read and concur with Beale’s - “The Temple and the Church’s Mission: A Biblical Theology of the Dwelling Place of God”
church - www.gracechurchphilly.com blog - www.thegospelfirst.com twitter - @johnpdavis
Discussion