Ask most people to describe materialism and you’ll hear references to big screen TVs, computers, SUVs, big houses and overpaid CEOs. A few might mention “consumerism” and “greed.” Most would agree with the idea that materialism has been a major obstacle to relieving world poverty. Some would say it’s the cause of that poverty.
Four myths of materialism
But what if materialism isn’t really what most people think? We could fall prey to materialism unawares or reject good ideas we have misidentified as materialism. In seeking to help the poor, we could waste our efforts opposing what really contributes little to the poverty problem.
So what is materialism? I’ll pursue a definition by countering four popular myths.
Myth 1: Material things are not important.
A widespread attitude, especially among Christians, is that materialism involves attaching value and importance to material things—and that these things are not truly important.
But wouldn’t that make God the first materialist?
Consider creation from a before-and-after perspective. Before Genesis 1:1, there was nothing—no material at all. Apparently, God considered this situation and decided that He wanted material to exist. He created matter, energy, time—an entire, mind-bogglingly huge universe of material. Before He created it, He invented it. After He created it, He repeatedly declared it to be “good” (Gen. 1:4, 1:10, 1:12, 1:18, etc.).
Clearly, material is good. Material has meaning. God invented material.
But even creation was not enough. God devised an amazing plan “for the praise of His glorious grace,” and that plan focuses on redeeming fallen beings who are—for a while—united with material bodies. As part of that plan, God the Son Himself “became flesh” (John 1:14).
God has a very high opinion of material.
Myth 2. Materialism has to do with luxury items.
It’s funny how you never hear anyone associate materialism with organic food co-ops. It’s always “big box retailers,” “shopping malls” or “Wall Street.” But a pile of organic mushrooms is just as material as a pile of cool electronic gadgets or a garage full of well-engineered automobiles. Trees are material. Baby seals are material. The confusion we see today about materialism begins with confusion about material.
Jesus offers us helpful insight in the Parable of the Rich Fool (Luke 12:13-21), where He describes “a certain rich man” who had recently been very successful. The man’s harvest is so plentiful he can’t store it all. His plan is to build bigger barns, then, having stored up enough to live on for years, take it easy for a while, live a little (12:19).
At that moment God rebukes him, calls him a fool and announces that his life is over and all his goods will go to someone else.
What does the story mean? The key to getting the message is to look at how Jesus frames the story—what He says before and after it. He prefaces the story with a warning against greed (12:15), explaining that “a man’s life does not consist in the abundance of his possessions.” He follows the story with a call to be “rich toward God” (12:21).
The rich man was not a fool for being extremely productive and planning to build bigger barns. The case could be made that he was a fool for thinking he should stop being productive and building bigger barns—but that wasn’t Jesus’ point either. Rather, the rich man was a fool because he was so dazzled by his stuff, he neglected the true essence of life. He allowed material things to distracted his attention and affections from the non-things that are of ultimate value.
So it makes little difference whether the things involved are luxury items or technologically advanced, nor does it matter much how expensive they are. People can become distracted and confused by antiques, pets or endangered species just as certainly as by computers, clothing and cars.
Myth 3. Materialism is pretty much the same thing as greed.
The “greedy materialist” stereotype appears everywhere in popular culture, but why don’t we ever hear about the generous, self-sacrificing materialist?
They do exist. Bill and Melinda Gates have given away billions, and though Melinda is Roman Catholic, Bill apparently believes only in what can be verified by science (google “Bill Gates religion” and you’ll see what I mean). Since science can only verify material things and processes, it’s hard to imagine how anyone could be more materialistic than Bill Gates.
In reality, greed has to do with excessive, distorted or inordinate desire. The result is that people can believe very strongly in the supernatural or “spiritual” yet be dominated by greed (Eph. 4:17-19), and, conversely, people whose lives are focused on the material can be disciplined and generous.
The case of Bill Gates and other “non-religious” philanthropists seems paradoxical. Though they officially believe only in the observable, material world, they devote much of their energies and resources to bettering the lives of beings who are actually much more than material. So are they truly materialists? Are they philosophical materialists but practical “spiritualists” (in the sense of “believing in spiritual reality”)?
Since they believe the human beings they are helping are merely material, these philanthropists should be viewed as true materialists. Any impact they have on the soul or spirit is unintended. Though they believe in the human mind, they do not understand what a mind really is. (A brain is temporary. A mind is eternal.)
Myth 4. Materialism is inherently opposed to poverty relief.
By now it should be clear that this popular idea is unlikely. If several of the top donors in the world are materialists, and some leading poverty-relief thinkers are materialists (Peter Singer is a likely example), it seems probable that materialism itself contributes no more to causing poverty than it does to curing it.
But seeing how this could be so requires that we nail down a definition of materialism. The Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary (2003):
…the practice of valuing such possessions more highly than they ought to be valued, especially when this results in the misalignment of one’s priorities and undermines one’s devotion to God.
The Encyclopedia of Christianity (Vol.3, 1999-2003):
Materialism…traces all reality to a single explanatory principle. In distinction from subjective and objective types of idealism, it monistically…finds the basis of all reality, including intellectual and moral, in physical matter, with its attributes, states, causal products, and functions.
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed., 2003):
1 a : a theory that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality and that all being and processes and phenomena can be explained as manifestations or results of matter
b : a doctrine that the only or the highest values or objectives lie in material well-being and in the furtherance of material progress
c : a doctrine that economic or social change is materially caused — compare HISTORICAL MATERIALISM
2 : a preoccupation with or stress upon material rather than intellectual or spiritual things.
For my part, I’d sum it up this way: materialism is either the belief that the material is all that exists or matters, or the condition of improper devotion to the material—or both.
With that definition in view, which of these is more materialistic?
- one who believes humans are amazing products of natural evolution and devotes his life to improving living conditions for poor people
- one who accumulates a fortune with the goal of helping his posterity obtain an excellent education to best fulfill their God-given vocations
Many observers would the judge the latter to be a “greedy materialist” and the former to be something like “a rebuke to us affluent American Christians who hoard our wealth.”
But they would be wrong.
Aaron Blumer, SharperIron’s second publisher, is a native Michigan and a graduate of Bob Jones University (Greenville, SC) and Central Baptist Theological Seminary (Plymouth, MN). He and his family live in a small town in western Wisconsin, where he pastored Grace Baptist Church for thirteen years. He also teaches high school logic and rhetoric at Baldwin Christian School.
Materialism is a word probably overused for its connotation but it is nonetheless defined by its context and usage, not philosophical ramblings. Most folks, referring to materialism today, are not speaking of some mind-body or spirit-matter dualism. Very simply put, they are referring to people's attitudes toward things. In other words, they are observing that people are more attracted to physical things in the here-and-now rather than spiritual truths of an eternal nature and a heavenly reward. The materialist's purpose and behavior in life are driven by the accumulation of things and the pursuit of affluence.
Thanks, Dick.
I do think we're in danger of falling prey to materialism, but even more so because we tend to define in reference to what other people have rather than what we have. You can be dirt poor and be a materialist. If you believe your life will be complete as soon as you have "more money" or more of any thing, you are thinking materialistically.
We're also extremely vulnerable to envy. I saw a lot of this growing up. Because my dad was a GM engineer and eventually in management, we always had a "company car." So we drove around in a brand spankin' new Buick most of the time. Living, and attending church in a farming community made that a bit awkward at times. In those days I was too young to understand what the hostility I sometimes felt was... I know it's name now because I've felt it myself when somebody else was able to acquire something really I nice I wish I could afford.
(As a kid, what made matters even worse was that we believed in the tradition of dressing up for church and just about nobody else in that rural setting did... at least, not for anybody under 18. The kids didn't envy my having to wear suits to church, but it was part of the mix that gave some the impression we were rich. In reality, we had less disposable income than many of them after paying school tuition... to these things are often not what they appear to be)
Another thought struck me last night... related to what I've written here: many involved in poverty relief around the world believe that what primarily ails the human race is the fact so many grow up in poor conditions. So to them, the lack of good health, good education, and the lack of abundant stuff itself are the answer to the human condition.
So their view of "what's wrong with humanity" is material and, not surprisingly, their view of the solution is material.
These are materialists, plain and simple.