God Is Sovereign!
Of all of the theological issues that have arisen in the last couple of decades, the matter of what God is like has to be one of the most crucial. As A. W. Tozer has written, “[T]he most portentous fact about any man is…what he in his deep heart conceives God to be like. We tend by a secret law of the soul to move toward our mental image of God” (A. W. Tozer, The Knowledge of the Holy, 7).
Of course, all orthodox Christians agree that God is a Trinity, three persons in one essence. But just how powerful is this God? Does He control all things, even the details of life? Does He even know all things past, present, and future? Some evangelicals seem to be unsure.
Other evangelical theologians are passionately arguing the negative: God is neither in full control of the world, nor does He even know the details of the future. According to these Open Theists,
God knows a great deal about what will happen….he knows everything that could happen and what he can do in response to each eventuality. And he knows the ultimate outcome to which he is guiding the course of history. All that God does not know is the content of future free decisions, and this is because decisions are not there to know until they occur. (Richard Rice, The Grace of God and the Will of Man, ed. Clark Pinnock, 134)
“The content of future free decisions” is vast, however. Every person in the entire world makes probably thousands of decisions every day. But to Open Theists, God does not know for sure what these decisions will be. This is a tremendous amount of information for God not to know. And if God does not know what will happen, as Open Theists assert, He certainly is not in sovereign control of the universe. As one Open Theist argues, “God, for whatever reasons, designed the cosmos such that he does not necessarily always get his way” (Gregory Boyd, God at War, 20).
At Shepherds Theological Seminary, we believe and teach that God knows everything and is in sovereign control of the universe, down to the details of our own lives. The Bible tells us about God’s sovereignty in a number of ways.
God decreed
First, God decreed all of the aspects and events of the universe. God’s decree is His sovereign plan and purpose whereby on the basis of the counsel of His own will He foreordained whatever happens. This is what Paul writes in Ephesians 1:11: God, “according to His purpose …works all things after the counsel of His will.” God’s decree is a single, all-inclusive plan, freely made, eternal, and certain, made for God’s own glory.
God preserves
Second, God preserves the universe. Preservation is the work of the Triune God, accomplished particularly through the Son, whereby He upholds the entire universe. The writer of the book of Hebrews proclaims that Christ “upholds all things by the word of His power” (Heb. 1:3). The Apostle Paul writes that Christ “is before all things, and in Him all things hold together” (Col. 1:17). The stability of the universe, the processes of nature, animals’ and mankind’s existence are all preserved through this continuous work of God.
God’s providence
God is also providentially in control of the universe. Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design. God exercises providential control over the universe at large (Ps. 103:19), the realm of nature (Job 37:1-3), animals and birds (Matt. 10:29), the affairs of the nations (Ps. 22:28), the birth and career of men and women (Isa. 45:1-5), the successes and failures of human beings (Ps. 75:6), supplying the needs of the righteous (Phil. 4:19), answers to prayer (Matt. 6:32), the punishment of the wicked (Ps. 11:6), common grace on the good and wicked alike (Matt. 5:44-45), even trivial things (Matt. 10:30; Prov. 16:33).
The events in the book of Esther are a stunning example of God’s providence in operation. The name “God” is not event mentioned in the book, but behind the scenes God is working all things after the counsel of His own will. King Ahasuerus “just happened” to be wakeful (Esther 6), “just happened” to read the book of records, and “just happened” to understand how Mordecai the Jew had saved his life and that Mordecai hadn’t yet been rewarded. Haman, the enemy of the Jews, “just happened” to be in the outer court when the king sought someone to honor Mordecai. God providentially brought His will to pass without anything that we would call a miracle, but the story worked out just right for the benefit of the godly Jews and the glory of God.
And thus God sovereignly controls the universe. Perhaps even more extraordinary for us is the biblical truth that God sovereignly knows and controls the details of each of our lives. “And we know that God causes all things to work together for good to those who love God, to those who are called according to His purpose” (Rom. 8:28). The sovereignty of God is thus a precious biblical doctrine all Christians should uphold and honor.
Dr. Larry Pettegrew taught at Pillsbury Baptist Bible College for over 10 years, serving as chairman of both the Christian Education and Bible departments. Following his time at Pillsbury, he served on the faculty of Detroit Baptist Theological Seminary then taught at Central Baptist Theological Seminary for 14 years. After 12 years on the faculty at The Master’s Seminary, Dr. Pettegrew accepted the executive vice presidency of Shepherds Theological Seminary—a position he presently holds in addition to his role as Academic Dean.
God is also providentially in control of the universe. Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
Let us look at the following verse which speak of God's original design:
"Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain" (Acts 2:23).
The murderers of the Lord Jesus Christ acted in fulfillment of a divine decree but at the same time their act of killing the Lord Jesus cannot be attributed to anything but their own "free will"--"And by wicked hands have crucified and slain" the Lord of Glory.
If someone wants to attribute the actions of those hands as coming from God because "He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design" then we must imagine that God can be the source of wicked acts.
I cannot believe that this is true.
In His grace,
Jerry
It all "comes from God" but He is not the one who does the deed. I'm not a very articulate defender on these points, but many others have wrestled with these things and done a good job of working them out.
In any case, however we explain it, we must not explain away any of what is revealed. So--to take the Joseph case as a prime example--"God meant it" is pretty clear. And "works all things according to..." is pretty clear, too.
What is equally clear is that people--sinners--are responsible for their choices and those choices, while decreed, are unforced (usually... I do think there is such a thing as direct hardening as a form of judgment... but even then, I suspect the hardening is more like an active push in the already chosen direction).
I do know that part of the answer lies in understanding "freedom of the will" in the context of human nature. We are only free to act in a manner consistent with our nature unless grace of some kind mitigates or liberates us from that. Common grace enables many to make noble choices though they are godless. Special grace... well, we need volumes to talk about what that does! But God never has to force a sinner to sin. We always want to unless He turns us--providentially or more directly--in some other direction. This is why "bondage of the will" is preferred terminology to many.
I do know that part of the answer lies in understanding "freedom of the will" in the context of human nature. We are only free to act in a manner consistent with our nature unless grace of some kind mitigates or liberates us from that. Common grace enables many to make noble choices though they are godless. Special grace... well, we need volumes to talk about what that does! But God never has to force a sinner to sin. We always want to unless He turns us--providentially or more directly--in some other direction. This is why "bondage of the will" is preferred terminology to many.
What about the "free will" of Adam and Eve? According to Dr. Pettegrew it was God who was ultimately responsible for their act of sinning:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
So we must believe that neither Adam nor Eve had free will because in the end they were destined to sin because of the "continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design."
And what was the result of these sins of which God bears the responsibility? The Westminister Confession of Faith says, "They being the root of all mankind, the guilt of this sin was imputed;and the same death in sin, and corrupted nature, conveyed to all their posterity descending from them by ordinary generation.From this original corruption, whereby we are utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite to all good and wholly inclined to all evil, do proceed all actual transgressions."
So if Dr. Pettegrew is right then in the end it is God who was responsible for the following "wickedness":
"Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain" (Acts 2:23).
I do not think that Dr. Pettegrew's assertion is correct because I do not believe that God can be responsible for any wicked act.
What about the "free will" of Adam and Eve?
The Third and Fourth Main Points of Doctrine
Human Corruption, Conversion to God, and the Way It Occurs
Man was originally created in the image of God and was furnished in his mind with a true and salutary knowledge of his Creator and things spiritual, in his will and heart with righteousness, and in all his emotions with purity; indeed, the whole man was holy. However, rebelling against God at the devil's instigation and by his own free will, he deprived himself of these outstanding gifts. Rather, in their place he brought upon himself blindness, terrible darkness, futility, and distortion of judgment in his mind; perversity, defiance, and hardness in his heart and will; and finally impurity in all his emotions.
1689 Baptist Confession of Faith
MAN, as he came from the hand of God, his creator, was upright and perfect. The righteous law which God gave him spoke of life as conditional upon his obedience, and threatened death upon his disobedience. Adam's obedience was short-lived. Satan used the subtle serpent to draw Eve into sin. Thereupon she seduced Adam who, without any compulsion from without, willfully broke the law under which they had been created, and also God's command not to eat of the forbidden fruit. To fulfill His own wise and holy purposes God permitted this to happen, for He was directing all to His own glory.
Gen. 2:16,17; Gen. 3:12,13; 2 Cor.11:3.
There's Adam and Eve's free will!
There's Adam and Eve's free will!
That does not change the fact that Dr. Pettegrew places the ultimate responsibility of Adam's sin and Eve's sin on God:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
By what Dr. Pettegrew says we can only conclude that Adam's "rebelling against God at the devil's instigation and by his own free will" was a result of "that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design."
So it Dr. Pettegrew assertion is correct then it is God who is responsible for the following:
"They being the root of all mankind, the guilt of this sin was imputed;and the same death in sin, and corrupted nature, conveyed to all their posterity descending from them by ordinary generation.From this original corruption, whereby we are utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite to all good and wholly inclined to all evil, do proceed all actual transgressions."
So if Dr. Pettegrew is right then in the end it is God who is responsible for the following "wickedness":
"Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain" (Acts 2:23).
I do not think that Dr. Pettegrew's assertion is correct because I do not believe that God can be responsible for any wicked act.
In His grace,
Jerry
That does not change the fact that Dr. Pettegrew places the ultimate responsibility of Adam's sin and Eve's sin on God:
Actually he doesn't, but this is a common charge against those who affirm the sovereignty of God.
John MacArthur - Is God Responsible for Evil?
God is certainly sovereign over evil. There's a sense in which it is proper even to say that evil is part of His eternal decree. He planned for it. It did not take Him by surprise. It is not an interruption of His eternal plan. He declared the end from the beginning, and He is still working all things for His good pleasure (Isaiah 46:9-10).
But God's role with regard to evil is never as its author. He simply permits evil agents to work, then overrules evil for His own wise and holy ends. Ultimately He is able to make all things-including all the fruits of all the evil of all time-work together for a greater good (Romans 8:28).
Would you prefer a God who is not sovereign over evil?
Dr. Pettegrew wrote:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
According to this it is a continuous action of God by which He "makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design." If that is true then the event of the crucifixion and killing of the Lord Jesus is of God's making, since "He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design."
According to Dr. Pettegrew's assertion we must also believe that God was also responsible for the sin commited by Adam since according to him God "makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design."
Earlier I said: "That does not change the fact that Dr. Pettegrew places the ultimate responsibility of Adam's sin and Eve's sin on God:"
To this you said:
Actually he doesn't, but this is a common charge against those who affirm the sovereignty of God.
Evidently we have a different understanding of Dr. Pettegrew's words. What do you not understand about the meaning of the words "He makes all of the events" in the following statement?:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
What do you not understand about the meaning of the words "He makes all of the events" in the following statement?:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
He makes all events, both good events and bad events fulfill His original design, because God is sovereign. Isn't that exactly what Romans 8:28 states.
Question for you - How does God sovereignly making all events fulfill His design, make Him responsible for every one of those events?
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
This statement here seems to be constructed in a way that lends itself to misinterpretation. It is left up to the reader, at this point, to wonder too much what is meant by original design thus they could easily miscalculate what is in view or they could rightly suspect what is in view, but either way its definition by the author would help in determining a more precise meaning. I have seen this reference used before but each time with a less than consistent use when compared to each user.
The most immediate question I can imagine someone asking if they are not sure as to what exactly is in view with the use of the term, original design, would be:
What other design does the author have in mind that exists which would require him to use the qualifier, original, in speaking of God's design and what is its place, if it exists, in consideration of the issue?
He makes all events, both good events and bad events fulfill His original design, because God is sovereign. Isn't that exactly what Romans 8:28 states.
Question for you - How does God sovereignly making all events fulfill His design, make Him responsible for every one of those events?
No, Romans 8:28 says nothing about God being the cause of wickedness.
Let us look at Dr. Pettegrew's words again:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
By the context it would seem to me that the word "make" means "to cause, induce, or compel." With that in mind we can see that Dr. Pettegrew is saying that by the means of a continuous action God is causing all of the events of the universe to fulfill His original design. What is the "original design"?
I would be surprised if Dr. Pettegrew would not include the following as being a part of God's "original design":
"Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began" (2 Tim.1:9).
In order to cause this to happen it was necessary for the Lord Jesus to die at the hands of men, so we can understand that, if Dr. Pettegrew is correct, it was by the means of a continuous action that God caused all of the events that fulfilled the sufferings and death on the Cross. If Dr. Pettegrew is correct then it was God who caused this "wicked" act:
"Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain" (Acts 2:23).
I cannot believe that God causes any wickedness.
Isaiah 53:4
Isaiah 53:10
Rev.13:8
Acts 2:23
RP, saying that God has decreed all that happens and works it together for His glory is not the same as saying He is responsible for everything that happens. That inference is not a necessary one. In any case, saying He has ordained it and works it for His glory is nothing more than what Paul says in Eph.1:11. If Dr. P is saying "God is responsible for Adam's sin" then so is Paul. The phrase you've referred to in the article only paraphrases Eph. 1.11.
Alex, I think I'm safe in asserting here that by "original" Dr.P means basically "in the beginning." It's clear from the article as a whole that he does not believe there is any non-original plan. It's probably roughly equivalent to the biblical "from the foundation of the earth."
RP, saying that God has decreed all that happens and works it together for His glory is not the same as saying He is responsible for everything that happens. That inference is not a necessary one.
Then Dr. Pettregrew is in error when he says:
God is also providentially in control of the universe. Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design. God exercises providential control over the universe at large (Ps. 103:19), the realm of nature (Job 37:1-3), animals and birds (Matt. 10:29), the affairs of the nations (Ps. 22:28), the birth and career of men and women (Isa. 45:1-5), the successes and failures of human beings (Ps. 75:6), supplying the needs of the righteous (Phil. 4:19), answers to prayer (Matt. 6:32), the punishment of the wicked (Ps. 11:6), common grace on the good and wicked alike (Matt. 5:44-45), even trivial things (Matt. 10:30; Prov. 16:33).
By the "context" we can understand that he is saying that the word "make" means "to cause, induce, or compel." For instance, consider the following verses which fall within the context of what he wrote:
"Thus saith the LORD to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him; and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the two leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut; I will go before thee, and make the crooked places straight: I will break in pieces the gates of brass, and cut in sunder the bars of iron" (Isa.45:1-2).
Certainly when the Lord tells Cyrus that He will "make the crooked places straight" He means He will "cause" the cooked places to become straight.
With that in mind we can see that Dr. Pettegrew is saying that by the means of a continuous action God is causing all of the events of the universe to fulfill His original design. Therefore if Dr. Pettegrew is right then we must believe that the Lord is the "cause" of the actions here which speak of wickedness:
"Him, being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain" (Acts 2:23).
In any case, saying He has ordained it and works it for His glory is nothing more than what Paul says in Eph.1:11. If Dr. P is saying "God is responsible for Adam's sin" then so is Paul. The phrase you've referred to in the article only paraphrases Eph. 1.11.
No, at Ephesians 1:11 Paul is referring to the fact that it was predetermined that those who became members of the Body of Christ will receive an inheritance, and that inheritance is the new, glorious bodies which Christians will put on when they meet the Lord in the air. He speaks of that inheritance just three verses later:
"...in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise, Which is the earnest of our inheritance until the redemption of the purchased possession, unto the praise of his glory" (Eph.1:13-14).
The Christian will receive that inheritance on the day of redemption:
"And grieve not the holy Spirit of God, whereby ye are sealed unto the day of redemption" (Eph.4:30).
The day of redemption is in regard to the "redemption of our body":
"And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body" (Ro.8:23).
So the word "predestinated" at Ephesians 1:11 is referring to the "adoption," the redemption of our body:
"Having predestinated us unto the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself, according to the good pleasure of his will" (Eph.1:5).
That is exactly the same thing that Paul refers to when he uses the word "predestinate" in regard to the believer:
"For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brethren" (Ro.8:29).
No time to comment, but just throw out this related quote from Calvin's Institutes:
In speaking of God's providence, "we make God the ruler and governor of all things, who in accordance with his wisdom has from the farthest limit of eternity decreed what he was going to do, and now by his might carries out what he has decreed. From this we declare that no only heaven and earth and the inanimate creatures, but also the plans and intentions of men, are so governed by his providence that they are borne by it straight to their appointed end." (vol. 1, 207)
Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted.
Yet it was the will of the LORD to crush him; he has put him to grief;
this Jesus, delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God, you crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men.
for truly in this city there were gathered together against your holy servant Jesus, whom you anointed, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, along with the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel, 28 to do whatever your hand and your plan had predestined to take place
I don't know how it could be any clearer– God had more than just a passive role in allowing the crucifixion, it was part of his definite plan.
It is not our job to try to absolve God of the responsibility for something he declares himself responsible for. We can only affirm that in all of His sovereign dealings with man, He works things in such a way that He himself does no evil. And that is part of the mystery of God.
Alex, I think I'm safe in asserting... It's probably roughly equivalent to the biblical "from the foundation of the earth."
I, too, suspected that, thanks for the affirmation.
A couple more observations I have.
Pettegrew states:
Of course, all orthodox Christians agree that God is a Trinity, three persons in one essence. But just how powerful is this God? Does He control all things, even the details of life? Does He even know all things past, present, and future? Some evangelicals seem to be unsure.
Other evangelical theologians are passionately arguing the negative: God is neither in full control of the world, nor does He even know the details of the future. According to these Open Theists…
Never minding the example he gives after this quote, my interest is if, aside from Open Theists, is Pettegrew taking the approach that unless one is affirming the view he states they are automatically arguing the negative, that God is not in control?
I, personally, do not take Pettegrew’s view but do agree with much of what he says while firmly rejecting Open Theism. So my hope is that he believes there are those who do reject Open Theism but do affirm God is in control of all things and knows all things past, present and future yet do not do so with the terms and approach offered in his case. I suspect he does. But among the rest of us I know there has been the habit of using binary code to reduce this to either/or issues without recognition of acceptable and orthodox alternatives (without including Open Theism at all).
But as to this entry by Larry Pettegrew, I believe he escapes the charge of placing upon God the origin of evil. The “continuous action” of God does not necessitate that we view this action to be in the mind of Pettegrew or anyone else (unless stated specifically as such) as direct cause. As was quoted earlier, John MacArthur does a good job in presenting the role of evil under the stewardship of God’s sovereignty (bold and italics mine):
God is certainly sovereign over evil. There's a sense in which it is proper even to say that evil is part of His eternal decree. He planned for it. It did not take Him by surprise. It is not an interruption of His eternal plan. He declared the end from the beginning, and He is still working all things for His good pleasure
But God's role with regard to evil is never as its author. He simply permits evil agents to work, then overrules evil for His own wise and holy ends. Ultimately He is able to make all things-including all the fruits of all the evil of all time-work together for a greater good
And it is important to note this because what Jerry S. has been arguing is actually an issue that arises when this doctrine is discussed with certain students and theologians. There is a healthy minority that urges others to assign blame to God for sourcing evil. They are also quite outspoken so I do understand Jerry’s response with respect to this argument. But I am not convinced that, apart from interpreting or at best taking by implication, Pettegrew is in this camp. In fact, as I said I believe he tries to make it clear he isn’t.
But I do also want to add that there are those who will mouth the view that God is not the author of evil yet, when handling things on a case by case basis, often they can be found either implying or explicitly (sometimes on purpose sometimes in ignorance) charging God with authoring evil. They oversimplify the sovereign mechanism.
For example, a loved one is murdered. Suddenly someone who does not take the theological position that God author’s evil will ascribe, either directly or by implication, that God chose for this person to die this way. Well, that is incorrect because it is incomplete and sends the wrong message. It takes the view that this was the decree of God with respect to his sovereign direct will as opposed to his sovereign passive superintending which allows for humans to make choices while God takes those choices and executes a divine determination. Worse, some forward the idea that God actually did intend for this to happen directly making him guilty of desiring sin. So these are elements that do arise but I believe Pettegrew is substantially far away from this posture in this case.
Surely he has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows; yet we esteemed him stricken, smitten by God, and afflicted.
Yet it was the will of the LORD to crush him; he has put him to grief;
this Jesus, delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God, you crucified and killed by the hands of lawless men.
Neither Isaiah 53:4 nor 53:10 are referring to the crucifixion and the death of the Lord Jesus but instead to what was happening to the Lord Jesus on the eve of the crucixion:
"And being in an agony he prayed more earnestly: and his sweat was as it were great drops of blood falling down to the ground" (Lk.22:44)
"Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me" (Mt.26:36).
It was at this time that the following process began to be fulfilled:
"For he hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin; that we might be made the righteousness of God in him" (2 Cor.5:21).
As for Acts 2:32 the Lord Jesus was "delivered up according to the definite plan and foreknowledge of God." This refers to the Lord Jesus being delivered to the great multitude sent by the chief priests to arrest Him in the garden (despite the fact that He could have prayed to the Father and received more than twelve legions of angels). What happened after He was arrested can only be attributed to the actions of those who responsible for His arrest, as witnessed by His words:
"When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness" (Lk.22:53).
I don't know how it could be any clearer– God had more than just a passive role in allowing the crucifixion, it was part of his definite plan.
The Lord Jesus was delivered up to those who wanted to kill Him, but God had nothing to do with His crucifixion and death. As the Lord Jesus said, the things which happened after He was delivered up was their hour and the power of darkness.
It is not our job to try to absolve God of the responsibility for something he declares himself responsible for.
It is beyond me why anyone would attempt to make God responsible for the crucifixion andf death of the Lord Jesus despite the words of the Lord Jesus to the contrary:
"When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness" (Lk.22:53).
What do you think that the Lord Jesus would describe that time and what would follow as being as their "hour and the power of darkness" if God Himself was responsible for what followed?
Jerry,
Do you believe that when discussing God's sovereignty and acknowledging that he permits or allows volitional creatures to act as they will, which in the case of evil the volition of an agent other than God was the source of its introduction to the plan of God, and God beforehand (in his infinite knowledge that is eternally before and after all things) decreed to allow it, is synonymous with blaming or assigning responsibility to God for evil?
It appears to me that so far no one has denied that under the superintendence of God's sovereign control he allows creatures with volitional capacity to act as they will. Now someone, after my saying this, might try to qualify what I just said in their agreement and if so I agree there might be an issue. But if my summary of the views expressed here is the case, so far the worst I have seen are references to theologians that in other parts of their work have directed students toward the erring view of an unintended overreach of divine sovereignty.
I do agree in some places some students and theologians err in their use of rationalism and philosophy (often strongly lead by Calvin's example but this is not meant to bring Calvin himself into the argument) and reason something like...(crudely put here) "Since God is sovereign and sovereignty means complete control, that is nothing escapes God's sovereignty, then ultimately God is responsible for both evil and good"....but I haven't seen this declared here and really not even implied.
Jerry,
Do you believe that when discussing God's sovereignty and acknowledging that he permits or allows volitional creatures to act as they will, which in the case of evil the volition of an agent other than God was the source of its introduction to the plan of God, and God beforehand (in his infinite knowledge that is eternally before and after all things) decreed to allow it, is synonymous with blaming or assigning responsibility to God for evil?
Alex, it is definite that the Lord allows evil acts but that is not the same thing as being responsible for those evil acts.
It appears to me that so far no one has denied that under the superintendence of God's sovereign control he allows creatures with volitional capacity to act as they will. Now someone, after my saying this, might try to qualify what I just said in their agreement and if so I agree there might be an issue. But if my summary of the views expressed here is the case, so far the worst I have seen are references to theologians that in other parts of their work have directed students toward the erring view of an unintended overreach of divine sovereignty.
Perhaps Dr. Pettegrew's words which I quoted is an example of an "erring view of an unintended overreach of divine sovereignty." Perhaps he really doesn't believe that God bears a responsibilty in regard to evil acts but at the same time he should be more careful in the way which he expresses his opinion.
I do agree in some places some students and theologians err in their use of rationalism and philosophy (often strongly lead by Calvin's example but this is not meant to bring Calvin himself into the argument) and reason something like...(crudely put here) "Since God is sovereign and sovereignty means complete control, that is nothing escapes God's sovereignty, then ultimately God is responsible for both evil and good"....but I haven't seen this declared here and really not even implied.
Then we disagree about the meaning of the words of Dr. Pettegrew which I quoted.
...under the superintendence of God's sovereign control he allows creatures with volitional capacity to act as they will.
And since God is sovereign, their action ultimately redounds to the glory of God!
God is also providentially in control of the universe. Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design....
By the "context" we can understand that he is saying that the word "make" means "to cause, induce, or compel."
Jerry, what you're overlooking there is the object of God's causing, inducing and compelling. What does God compel? He compels all things to fulfill. That is, He takes what people do and causes them to work together for His design. He works all things according to the counsel of His will. It really is that simple.
It's like saying "I cause, induce or compel the weeds in my garden to become compost." I am not saying I made them grow in the first place, but that I make them become what I want them to become. The analogy is imperfect because God is more actively involved in men's sins than I am in the weeds in my garden. He has decreed that all these things will certainly come to pass. But He does not usurp agency.
As for Is.53 and the crucifixion, it most certainly does describe the crucifixion. He was not
"wounded for our transgressions" and "bruised for our iniquities" in the garden, but on the cross!
(Isaiah 53.5).
Why is it so abhorrent to you that God planned to crucify His son before the foundation of the world, then saw to it that it would come to pass at the appointed time? This does not make Him the one who did the crucifying or mean that He forced the Jews and Romans involved to commit this act. Rather it means that He caused what these men chose to do to serve His purposes... just like Joseph's brothers again ("You meant it for evil but God meant it for good"). This does not make God the author of evil. It makes Him the victor over evil because He turns even evil to His glory. In the act of pouring His wrath out on sin, His holiness is magnified.
18 Therefore He has mercy on whom He wills, and whom He wills He hardens.
19 You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?” 20 But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed say to him who formed it, “Why have you made me like this?” 21 Does not the potter have power over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor?
22 What if God, wanting to show His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, 23 and that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy, which He had prepared beforehand for glory...
...under the superintendence of God's sovereign control he allows creatures with volitional capacity to act as they will.
And since God is sovereign, their action ultimately redounds to the glory of God!
I would be careful to avoid the temptation to oversimplify the matter and prescribe this potentially injurious formula here. That is to say if all one has in view is (1) God being sovereign and (2) within his sovereignty he allows volitional acts thus the product of the two, God's sovereignty and volitional action is always to God's glory, then it is vitally missing other variables for a proper formula. I would have to disqualify this statement if it were meant to stand without amplification and clarification.
A good reference here to use in recognizing the necessity that the two being added together are not meant to be a formula for claiming something has been done to the glory of God (divine sovereignty + human volition) is found in 1 Corinthians 10. I will post with selected verses and the culminating reference to doing "all to the glory of God" (bold and italics mine):
7Neither be ye idolaters, as were some of them; as it is written, The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play.
8Neither let us commit fornication, as some of them committed, and fell in one day three and twenty thousand.
9Neither let us tempt Christ, as some of them also tempted, and were destroyed of serpents.
10Neither murmur ye, as some of them also murmured, and were destroyed of the destroyer...
...17For we being many are one bread, and one body: for we are all partakers of that one bread.
18Behold Israel after the flesh: are not they which eat of the sacrifices partakers of the altar?
19What say I then? that the idol is any thing, or that which is offered in sacrifice to idols is any thing?
20But I say, that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to devils, and not to God: and I would not that ye should have fellowship with devils.
21Ye cannot drink the cup of the Lord, and the cup of devils: ye cannot be partakers of the Lord's table, and of the table of devils.
22Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? are we stronger than he?
23All things are lawful for me, but all things are not expedient: all things are lawful for me, but all things edify not.
24Let no man seek his own, but every man another's wealth.
25Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat, asking no question for conscience sake:
26For the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof.
27If any of them that believe not bid you to a feast, and ye be disposed to go; whatsoever is set before you, eat, asking no question for conscience sake.
28But if any man say unto you, this is offered in sacrifice unto idols, eat not for his sake that shewed it, and for conscience sake: for the earth is the Lord's, and the fulness thereof:
29Conscience, I say, not thine own, but of the other: for why is my liberty judged of another man's conscience?
30For if I by grace be a partaker, why am I evil spoken of for that for which I give thanks?
31Whether therefore ye eat, or drink, or whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God.
If Paul held to the formula as you have expressed he certainly did not employ it here. Because here Paul fills the passage before the final charge, "whatsoever ye do, do all to the glory of God" with a long list of things that clearly do not redound to the glory of God even though, if anyone did them, both God's sovereignty and volition would be active which was the formula offered earlier.
So, as I said, while not disagreeing with the general theme of what was said it needs to be qualified with amplification and clarity.
As for Is.53 and the crucifixion, it most certainly does describe the crucifixion. He was not"wounded for our transgressions" and "bruised for our iniquities" in the garden, but on the cross! (Isaiah 53.5).
Aaron, some of the things mentioned in Isaiah 53 speak of things which happened before the Cross (Isa.53:5--"with His stripes we are healed") and others which happened at the Cross. Matthew Henry, speaking of the Lord Jesus' experience in the garden, wrote:
"He was now bearing the iniquities which the Father laid upon him, and, by his sorrow and amazement, he accommodated himself to his undertaking. The sufferings he was entering upon were for our sins, and they were all to meet upon him and he knew it." (Matthew Henry, Commentary on the Whole Bible, Matthew to John, [Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991], 320).
Charles Spurgeon, who also says that it was in the garden when the Lord Jesus began to bear the iniquities which the Father had laid upon Him, applied Isaiah 53:6 to the events that happened in the garden:
"Another deep fountain of grief was found in the fact that Christ now assumed more fully his official position with regard to sin. He was now made sin. Hear the word! he, who knew no sin, was made sin for us, that we might be made the righteousness of God in him. In that night the words of Isaiah were fulfilled—'The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.' Now he stood as the sin-bearer, the substitute accepted by Divine justice to bear that we might never bear the whole of wrath divine. At that hour heaven looked on him as standing in the sinner's stead, and treated as sinful man had richly deserved to be treated. Oh! dear friends, when the immaculate Lamb of God found himself in the place of the guilty, when he could not repudiate that place because he had voluntarily accepted it in order to save his chosen, what must his soul have felt, how must his perfect nature have been shocked at such close association with iniquity?" (Charles Spurgeon, Gethsemane, A Sermon (No. 493) Delivered on Sunday Morning, February 8th, 1863, at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, Newington, England).
Why is it so abhorrent to you that God planned to crucify His son before the foundation of the world, then saw to it that it would come to pass at the appointed time? This does not make Him the one who did the crucifying or mean that He forced the Jews and Romans involved to commit this act. Rather it means that He caused what these men chose to do to serve His purposes...
According to what you write here God "caused what these men chose to do to serve His purposes." I could agree with that but that is not what Dr. Pettegrew said. Instead he said:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
According to this it is a continuous action of God by which He "makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design." That is not about causing what these men chose to do to serve His purposes, as if He had nothing to do with what the men chose to do and He only used what they chose to do after the fact to serve His purposes.
If what Dr. Pettegrew said is true then the event of the crucifixion and killing of the Lord Jesus is of God's making, since "He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design" through a continuous action.
18 Therefore He has mercy on whom He wills, and whom He wills He hardens.
19 You will say to me then, “Why does He still find fault? For who has resisted His will?” 20 But indeed, O man, who are you to reply against God? Will the thing formed say to him who formed it, “Why have you made me like this?” 21 Does not the potter have power over the clay, from the same lump to make one vessel for honor and another for dishonor?
22 What if God, wanting to show His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much longsuffering the vessels of wrath prepared for destruction, 23 and that He might make known the riches of His glory on the vessels of mercy, which He had prepared beforehand for glory...
Please tell me how you think that these verses support your position. Also, if Dr. Pettegrew is correct, why would the Lord Jesus attribute the events that transpired after He was arrested to the actions of those who were responsible for His arrest?:
"When I was daily with you in the temple, ye stretched forth no hands against me: but this is your hour, and the power of darkness" (Lk.22:53).
Are we supposed to believe that God was in some way responsible for the the events of the crucifixion and His death even though the Lord Jesus Himself declared that the responsibilty belonged to those who were responsible for His arrest and described this time as "the power of darkness"?
First, I do not see the difference between what some are saying here about God's sovereignty and what Dr. Pettegrew said. I think the problem here is a misunderstanding of what he actually said. Notice that in saying,
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
he does not say God "makes" or caused/causes the events to take place. He says that God makes these events (which could either be caused by God or by others) "fulfill his original design."
Second, Isa 57:15 says God is, "the High and Lofty One Who inhabits eternity." Any theology that makes God subject to time - which He created - will end up with these contradictions and problems. God does not "look back" to the past or "look forward" to the future as we do. He lives outside of time, which he created and thus is able to see our past, present and future from the same viewpoint - a viewpoint which is outside of time. Our inability to properly describe God's relationship to time comes directly from the fact that we are creatures of time and cannot think any other way.
First, I do not see the difference between what some are saying here about God's sovereignty and what Dr. Pettegrew said. I think the problem here is a misunderstanding of what he actually said.
Yes, there are several on this thread who misunderstand what he is saying, including you. You said:
he does not say God "makes" or caused/causes the events to take place. He says that God makes these events (which could either be caused by God or by others) "fulfill his original design."
Let us look at what he said again:
Providence is that continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design.
The word "makes" means "causes." So if words have any meaning he is saying that "God causes ALL of the events of the universe fulfill His original design by a continious act.
It does not say that God or others causes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design by a continious act.
Second, Isa 57:15 says God is, "the High and Lofty One Who inhabits eternity." Any theology that makes God subject to time - which He created - will end up with these contradictions and problems. God does not "look back" to the past or "look forward" to the future as we do. He lives outside of time, which he created and thus is able to see our past, present and future from the same viewpoint - a viewpoint which is outside of time. Our inability to properly describe God's relationship to time comes directly from the fact that we are creatures of time and cannot think any other way.
I agree with you completely. The Lord God lives in the ever present "now." And verses which speek of Him doing something in time is purely figurative. Let us look at the following verse:
"According as He hath chosen us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love" (Eph.1:4).
Again, this can only be understood in a figurative sense because God lives in the ever present "now" so to Him there is no "before." The Apostles understood this and that is what Paul meant here:
[i]"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ"[i] (2 Thess.2:13-14).
Notice that here Paul says that God hath "from the beginning" chosen the Christian to salvation through belief in the truth. How can this be since before the foundation of the world there was no one believing the gospel?
Actually, the answer is quite simple. In the eternal state the same "moment" when the sinner believes the gospel can be said to be the same "moment" that existed before the world began. After all, since God lives in the ever present "now" then the moment when a sinner believes belongs to the same "now" as does a moment that existed before the world began. Obviously the above quoted verses in regard to when the Christian is saved can only be understood in a figurative sense. It is a mistake to take verses that place God in time and use those verses to make doctrine.
In reality God chooses a sinner for salvation at the moment he believes and not before.
Let us look what a well known Calvinist says of the same subject. A.W. Pink writes the following:
" 'In Him we live, and move, and have our being' (Acts 17:28). What a sweeping assertion is this! These words, be it noted, were addressed, not to one of the churches of God, not to a company of saints who had reached an exalted plane of spirituality, but to a heathen audience, to those who worshipped "the unknown God" and who "mocked" when they heard of the resurrection of the dead. And yet, to the Athenian philosophers, to the Epicureans and Stoics, the apostle Paul did not hesitate to affirm that they lived and moved and had their being in God, which signified not only that they owed their existence and preservation to the One who made the world and all things therein, but also that their very actions were encompassed and therefore controlled by the Lord of heaven and earth." [emphasis mine] (A.W. Pink, THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD, Chapter 3).
Let us look at the "very actions" which are supposedly controlled by God in these verses:
"Their throat is an open sepulchre; with their tongues they have used deceit; the poison of asps is under their lips: Whose mouth is full of cursing and bitterness: Their feet are swift to shed blood: Destruction and misery are in their ways: And the way of peace have they not known: There is no fear of God before their eyes. Now we know that what things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law: that every mouth may be stopped, and all the world may become guilty before God" (Ro.3:13-19).
If these actions are controlled by God then how could it possibly be said that those who act in this way are "guilty before God"?
"Guilt" before God neccessarily denotes having committed an offense or crime before God. But if God controls those actions how could it be said that they were committing an offense against God? That weould make no sense at all.
This idea portrays the Lord God as one who would declare the lame guilty for limping and the blind guilty for not being able to see!
Jerry, had you read his book before I sent you the note?
Jerry, had you read his book before I sent you the note?
Daniel, I have been familiar with Pink's writings for many years and it was many years ago when I read the book you mention. Your letter did in fact awaken my thoughts about what he wrote on this subject and therefore I decided to quote his words and examine his ideas. Do you have any thoughts about what I said?
The reason I sent it in an email was that I don't think one can just quote a paragraph here and there of Pink's works without distorting his views and setting up straw men. One cannot quote from chapter three without reading the rest of the chapters to further develop what he means when he says that. You have to take into account, specifically 7 and 8 that deal primarily with the will and responsibility.
Regardless, I don't want to hear you quote other authors trying to repudiate them in order to make your beliefs seem correct. If you do not believe what DP said, then tell me why from scripture you believe it to be wrong. (and I am not going to rehash the few verses you have quoted as I believe others have done a good job explaining them) Don't just keep quoting his one line and say I don't get it. Don't tell me about other author's views that you believe to be wrong and by implication your's correct. Why is DP wrong? (From scripture)
Is your hangup (not in a bad sense) based in the belief that one must have a free will in order to be responsible for actions committed?
Jerry,
I'll concede that Jesus' sufferings for sin may have begun before the cross. (per #23)
But this doesn't really solve the perceived problem, and I should have recognized that before. God decreed the before-cross suffering just as much as He did the on-cross suffering and providentially ensured they would occur on schedule just as He did the cross.
As for what Dr. P. means by "continuous action of God by which He makes all of the events of the universe fulfill His original design." I've done all I can to explain that I think... as have others.
One last shot I suppose: I've read and heard enough of Dr.P to know that he is not of the opinion that God causes people to do things contrary to their own will. He ordains and they choose. Sovereignty and providence speak to the certainty that they will choose and to God's activity in determining that they will choose, but these principles do not involve compelling people to act against their will. Saying "He makes these things happen" is simply not the same as saying "He forces them to choose what they do not want to choose."
It may help to say a bit more about providence... I was just reading Fred Morritz's Contending for the Faith last night and was reminded that providence is generally understood to mean what God brings about by the use of secondary causes as opposed to what He does directly (I believe he quoted recent writers like Millard Erickson and Roland McCune on that point, but it goes way back). That understanding of providence is important background. So you could argue that he should have said "indirectly" before "makes" but when you're aiming to be brief you have to assume some things.
If these actions are controlled by God then how could it possibly be said that those who act in this way are "guilty before God"?
"Guilt" before God neccessarily denotes having committed an offense or crime before God. But if God controls those actions how could it be said that they were committing an offense against God? That weould make no sense at all.
First, Jerry, God answered this type of question in Romans 3 and Romans 9 two thousand years ago. And he answered contrary to what appears to be your answer.
Second, why don't you email or call Dr. Pettegrew and ask him. I think that would clear it all up.
It seems to me that all Dr. Pettegrew has done is paraphrase Eph 1:11 where God "works all things [make all things] after the counsel of his own will [fulfill his purposes]." But again, why not just contact him and ask him.
Regardless, I don't want to hear you quote other authors trying to repudiate them in order to make your beliefs seem correct.
David, remember it was you who recommended that I read A.W. Pink in order that I could understand the Calvinist position on this subject. If you do not want to defend what he wrote that is up to you. The quote which I gave seems plain enough:
" 'In Him we live, and move, and have our being' (Acts 17:28). What a sweeping assertion is this! These words, be it noted, were addressed, not to one of the churches of God, not to a company of saints who had reached an exalted plane of spirituality, but to a heathen audience, to those who worshipped "the unknown God" and who "mocked" when they heard of the resurrection of the dead. And yet, to the Athenian philosophers, to the Epicureans and Stoics, the apostle Paul did not hesitate to affirm that they lived and moved and had their being in God, which signified not only that they owed their existence and preservation to the One who made the world and all things therein, but also that their very actions were encompassed and therefore controlled by the Lord of heaven and earth." [emphasis mine] (A.W. Pink, THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD, Chapter 3).
The last part which I bolded could not be any plainer. If I am reading it wrong then tell me exactly what he is saying.
If you do not believe what DP said, then tell me why from scripture you believe it to be wrong. (and I am not going to rehash the few verses you have quoted as I believe others have done a good job explaining them) Don't just keep quoting his one line and say I don't get it. Don't tell me about other author's views that you believe to be wrong and by implication your's correct. Why is DP wrong? (From scripture)
If you think that the meaning which I put on Dr. Pettegrew's words are in error then give me a meaning which you think is correct and then we will discuss your version of the interpretation of his words.
I've read and heard enough of Dr.P to know that he is not of the opinion that God causes people to do things contrary to their own will.
That is not the point. The point is whether or not God, by his continuous actions, caused those who crucified and murdered the Lord Jesus to do that deed. And anyone with an understanding of English grammar knows that if the words which I quoted of Dr. Pettegrew are applied to the deeds of the Cross then he is saying that God caused the crucifixion and death of the Lord Jesus.
He ordains and they choose. Sovereignty and providence speak to the certainty that they will choose and to God's activity in determining that they will choose, but these principles do not involve compelling people to act against their will.
If any force in the universe makes it certain that anyone will act in a certain way then that person's will is not really free.
Saying "He makes these things happen" is simply not the same as saying "He forces them to choose what they do not want to choose."
Again, if God caused the men to crucify and kill the Lord Jesus then God is the ultimate source of that wicked act.
It may help to say a bit more about providence... I was just reading Fred Morritz's Contending for the Faith last night and was reminded that providence is generally understood to mean what God brings about by the use of secondary causes as opposed to what He does directly (I believe he quoted recent writers like Millard Erickson and Roland McCune on that point, but it goes way back). That understanding of providence is important background. So you could argue that he should have said "indirectly" before "makes" but when you're aiming to be brief you have to assume some things.
If the Calvinists are right about how the sinner receives faith then it could be said that God indirectly caused the crucifixion and death of the Lord Jesus. Peter declares in no uncertain terms the reason why those who crucifed Him did so:
"But ye denied the Holy One and the Just, and desired a murderer to be granted unto you; And killed the Prince of life, whom God hath raised from the dead; whereof we are witnesses...And now, brethren, I know that through ignorance ye did it, as did also your rulers" (Acts 3:14-15, 17).
They did it through ignorance, and if the Calvinists are right then those who fulfilled the decree of God in regard to the Cross did so through no fault of their own since it was not possible for them to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God. When He declared Himself equal to God by claiming that God was His Father (Jn.5:18) those who were denied the ability to believe were acting in good conscience when they put Him to death. That is because that was the judgment against anyone who claimed to be Son of God (Jn.19:7). After all, they were given the law and told to keep it. That is all that they were doing. Despite this we read that the deed was done by "wicked hands" even though it was done through ignorance. It was indeed a wicked act even though it was done in ignorance, and that is because they should have known that the Lord Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God. Those who murdered Him resisted the Holy Spirit which reveals the gospel to sinners so they are without excuse. On the other hand, if the Calvinists are right then those who crucified the Lord Jesus do have an excuse for their deed, and that is because it was not possible for them to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God. They were just following the law so why would their deed be a wicked act?
First, Jerry, God answered this type of question in Romans 3 and Romans 9 two thousand years ago. And he answered contrary to what appears to be your answer.
Please be specific.
Second, why don't you email or call Dr. Pettegrew and ask him. I think that would clear it all up.
I am merely commenting on what he wrote. If you think that I am misrepresenting what he said then why don't you contact him so he can clear this up.
It seems to me that all Dr. Pettegrew has done is paraphrase Eph 1:11 where God "works all things [make all things] after the counsel of his own will [fulfill his purposes]." But again, why not just contact him and ask him.
I have already answered that idea (see post # 13 on this thread).
Please be specific.
I was. Romans 3 and Romans 9 both answer your question.
I am merely commenting on what he wrote.
No, you are commenting on what you think he meant by what he wrote. It sounds to me like he is saying only what orthodoxy theology has said for centuries.
If you think that I am misrepresenting what he said then why don't you contact him so he can clear this up.
Why is it my burden to contact someone that you are questioning what he says? You should contact him in the interest of wanting to properly understand him. I think it is a matter of Christian grace to try to seek out understanding rather than making accusations that amount to someone being unorthodox.
I have already answered that idea (see post # 13 on this thread).
Yes, you were incorrect there because you limited the verse beyond its meaning in context. Paul says God works "all things," not simply predestination for an inheritance.
Two questions for Jerry:
You stated:
The point is whether or not God, by his continuous actions, caused those who crucified and murdered the Lord Jesus to do that deed.
You clearly believe He did not, so my question is this: Are you implying that there was no certainty of the crucifixion? For if God did not control the event (a.k.a. "make" it occur), then surely man could have acted differently. The eternal purpose of the Father for the Son (namely, to glorify Himself through Jesus' life and work amongst fallen humanity) would have been intuitive guess-work, at best a series of calculated risks, if your position is accurate.
If any force in the universe makes it certain that anyone will act in a certain way then that person's will is not really free.
Second question: Could you please clarify and support your exact understanding of "free will" from Scripture? If I understand your statement here, though I hope I am wrong, you are describing and affirming the doctrine of libertarian free will. This view is at the heart of Open Theism, and I beg you to employ caution if you are indeed affirming it.
By the way...
And anyone with an understanding of English grammar knows...
I'm fairly certain it is unnecessary to make this kind of comment on SI.
A lot has been said since my post, but with the limited time I have at the moment, let me make one comment and support it with scripture in response to this comment:
If any force in the universe makes it certain that anyone will act in a certain way then that person's will is not really free.
Was not Abimelech withheld by God from sinning?
for I [God] also withheld thee [Abimelech] from sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her [Sarah]. (Genesis 20:6)
If I can borrow your phrase which you so often use, Genesis 20:6 states in no uncertain terms that God made Abimelech do something that he would not have done, or rather the lack of doing something he would have done.
Jerry, you accuse Calvinists of believing God forces people to act against their will, thus giving them an excuse for their sin. What you describe is not Calvinism, but Hyper-Calvinism. Calvinists take what the Bible says and believe it, even if it doesn't make sense.
For instance:
according to the purpose of him who works all things according to the counsel of his will
God does not consult men, and he does not react to man. He works all things out according to His own purpose.
So they are without excuse
Sinful men are completely and totally responsible for their actions. They can blame no one but themselves.
This is what orthodox believers have affirmed for 2,000 years. This is what everybody on this thread seems to affirm over and over. We cannot reconcile these truths in our minds because we are limited, but we believe them because God has said them.
Romans 3 and Romans 9 both answer your question.
Please give specific verses from those chapters. I cite specific verses so there is nothing to stop you from doing the same.
...you were incorrect there because you limited the verse beyond its meaning in context. Paul says God works "all things," not simply predestination for an inheritance.
"...we were predestined according to the one purpose of him who accomplishes all things according to the counsel of his will" (Eph.1:11; NET).
This is talking about how He accomplishes things, specifically that the things He accomplishes are done in conformity with the council or deliberation of His will. Paul uses the word "all" to make us understand that He doesn't accomplish things only in some instances according to the deleberation of His will but instead in "all" cases.
It certainly is not saying that "all things" are accomplished through the deliberation of His will, and that is because not "all things" which He wills comes to pass. The words of the Apostle Peter here demonstrate that idea:
"The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance" (2 Pet.3:9).
Despite the fact that the Lord is not willing that any men should perish and that all men should come to repentance the sad fact is that there will be some men who will not come into repentance and therefore perish.
Jerry, 2 Pet 3:9 can be interpreted different ways than the one you mentioned. The question that needs to be asked in regards to that verse is who is the any? I believe most C would say, the elect. In other words, people throughout the centuries have said, look around, he has not come back yet, therefore I don't think He is coming back. But 2 Peter is making the case that God's timing is not our timing. He will come back when He desires. And part of that desire is that all His elect will come to repentance. I probably massacred that interpretation, nevertheless, it is not a far-fetched interpretation.
Was not Abimelech withheld by God from sinning?
"for I [God] also withheld thee [Abimelech] from sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her [Sarah]." (Genesis 20:6)
If I can borrow your phrase which you so often use, Genesis 20:6 states in no uncertain terms that God made Abimelech do something that he would not have done, or rather the lack of doing something he would have done.
God warned him by a dream that Sarah was married and therefore warned him not to sleep with her. It was in that way that the Lord withheld him from sinning against God. Abimelech continued to have a free will, and that free will was evident when he chose not to sleep with Sarah.
You clearly believe He did not, so my question is this: Are you implying that there was no certainty of the crucifixion?
Please consider the words of Sir Robert Anderson on this point:
"The Lord Himself, though come down to earth that He might drink the cup which brimmed over upon Calvary, could pray, upon the very eve of Calvary, that that cup might pass from Him. He, 'the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world'- He, who, ere a few days had passed, could chide His doubting disciples with the word 'Ought not Christ to have suffeted these things?' recapitulating in their wondering ears the oft-told record of prophecy which Calvary fulfilled - He found, neither in that record, nor in the divine purpose it unfolded, anything to hinder the prayer of Gethsemane, 'O My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from Me.' With Him the dire necessity to drink it arose from no stern and irrevocable edict of the past, but from the sovereign will of a present living God, Who, even then, would hearken to His cry if redemption could be won at any price less terrible and costly..." (Robert Anderson, The Gospel and Its Ministry, Chapter 6).
If the Lord Jesus believed in the absolute certainty of the crucifixion why would He pray to the Father asking, "O My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from Me."
Could you please clarify and support your exact understanding of "free will" from Scripture?
The Lord Jesus said:
"O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets and stone those sent to you, how often I have longed to gather your children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but you were not willing" (Mt.23:37; NIV).
Here are some verses which demonstrate that receiving God's blessings or curses was dependent upon free will choices:
[i]"Behold, I set before you this day a blessing and a curse; A blessing, if ye obey the commandments of the LORD your God, which I command you this day: And a curse, if ye will not obey the commandments of the LORD your God, but turn aside out of the way which I command you this day, to go after other gods, which ye have not known" (Deut.11:26-28).
If any force in the universe makes it certain that anyone will act in a certain way then that person's will is not really free.
That is correct. Nobody's will is truly free, but is limited according to it's nature. In a way, even God's will is not "free," for that reason. He cannot choose to lie, for example. (Titus 1.2).
Being non-free is not the same as being forced. For example, consider my dog. If I lay a hotdog on the floor in front of her, she will certainly eat it. However, I did not force her to eat it. She did what she wanted to do.
If God does not do this, how do you explain what "works all things according to the counsel of His will" means? He works "some" things?
Now I haven't seen the argument yet here (maybe I have overlooked... got a bit behind) that if God arranges conditions so that a sinner will certainly sin, He is responsible for the sin. Eventually, if one keeps chasing this he runs into the ages old "problem of evil." I don't really have an answer for that or feel that I need one.
What I can--and must--do is accept what Scripture plainly says, that a. He has arranged all that happens and b. He is not responsible for the sins sinners choose to commit. How this can be is not my problem any more than how He made the world in six days is my problem.
(Though guys like R. C. Sproule have come up some pretty good answers to all sorts of questions like these. I just don't remember the answer or feel much of a need for it)
As for Jesus in Gethsemane and the nonrepentance of Jerusalem. Two things, briefly. One, quite a few students of that passage over the years (including many that would not claim to be Calvinists) have understood this moment to be an expression of Jesus' human nature. He is grieving, and, "despising the shame." He "knows" what the Father's will is. This is clear when He says "nevertheless not as I will but as You will." So He is never in doubt about what must be done.
As for Jerusalem, Paul is clear in Rom.11 that the nation had been hardened. In a way I can't really explain, God does not "want" everything He has decreed. Rom.9 has a fascinating statement where Paul says God "endured with much longsuffering" the vessels of wrath He Himself prepared.
Jerry, you accuse Calvinists of believing God forces people to act against their will, thus giving them an excuse for their sin. What you describe is not Calvinism, but Hyper-Calvinism. Calvinists take what the Bible says and believe it, even if it doesn't make sense.
Brian Jo, where did I ever accuse Calvinists of believing God forces people to act against their will?
If God does not do this, how do you explain what "works all things according to the counsel of His will" means? He works "some" things?
"...we were predestined according to the one purpose of him who accomplishes all things according to the counsel of his will" (Eph.1:11; NET).
This is talking about how He accomplishes things, specifically that the things He accomplishes are done in conformity with the council or deliberation of His will. Paul uses the word "all" to make us understand that He doesn't accomplish things only in some instances according to the deliberation of His will but instead in "all" cases.
It certainly is not saying that "all things" are accomplished through the deliberation of His will, and that is because not "all things" which He wills comes to pass. The words of the Apostle Peter here demonstrate that idea:
"The Lord is not slack concerning his promise, as some men count slackness; but is longsuffering to us-ward, not willing that any should perish, but that all should come to repentance" (2 Pet.3:9).
Despite the fact that the Lord is not willing that any men should perish and that all men should come to repentance the sad fact is that there will be some men who will not come into repentance and therefore perish.
I appreciate Pettegrew's point, which I suppose should be rather obvious to anyone, that restricting God's knowledge only in the case of future free decisions is in fact an enormous reduction of knowledge. I was a bit disappointed, though, that the article failed to make any really insightful analysis as to what motivates open theists in this belief, and what process leads them there.
Obviously there have been conflicting views of human freedom for millennia, going back even farther than Augustine and Pelagius. However, the open theist idea of will is undoubtedly modern. There are many ways to illustrate this point, but a consideration of astrology will do. In ancient times and even through the Middle Ages, many people believed in astrology. This was not simply because they were stupid or silly, but because they believed in an integrated creation. The Greek concepts of physis and kosmos included not just what we would call the material universe, but also aesthetic and ethical laws as well. It was assumed that there was an underlying harmony that connected all these things, and that man stood within this harmony and therefore affected by it. I'm not sure how many made astrology an absolutely deterministic system (Marsilio Ficino claimed that knowledge of astrology allowed one to exert influence on the cosmos rather than vice versa), but those who believed in it nevertheless acknowledged that man is limited and influenced by external, even cosmic, factors.
The major objection to astrology during the Renaissance was not rational or scientific, but ethical and sentimental. Pico della Mirandola rejected astrology because it placed a limit on man's self-determination; it reduced his freedom. For Pico, man is master of matter, not the other way around. The idea of the determining self so captured the imagination of people that astrology became not irrational, but degrading. Astrology is just one illustration of what is one of the most significant features of modern thought - the conception of "person" as a self-determining will. The modern man, to think himself free, not only requires that he not be obviously coerced, but he must not even be "pressured" or "influenced." Nothing gets in the way of his own sovereign determination. The concept of the modern self as a free individual is reinforced by Kant and finds its full flowering in Nietzsche, who defines life as simply "the will to power." Life is nothing more than the assertion of the individual to control all that is external to him, and he is great to the extent that he achieves.
The very existence of God as a personal, real, and knowable absolute creator and sustainer is an affront to the modern mind. As Pico realized, if something (in this case Someone) is directing what happens here on earth, humans can't claim to be absolutely self-determining. In fact, there is only one person who meets the definition of a self-determining will, and that is God. (Even that is something of a caricature, though, because God's will should never be considered separate from his intellect.) Everyone else who pretends to this is simply making himself into a little god, and a caricature at that. Open theists, following the modern impulse to value individual self-determination as the highest good, limit God; it is the only way they can stop him from limiting man.
Postscript: Ideas in this post were inspired by Louis Dupre, The Passage to Modernity; and Colin Gunton, The One, the Three, and the Many.
I started a new thread with the above title, so that the free will discussion could carry on there.
I appreciate Pettegrew's point, which I suppose should be rather obvious to anyone, that restricting God's knowledge only in the case of future free decisions is in fact an enormous reduction of knowledge. I was a bit disappointed, though, that the article failed to make any really insightful analysis as to what motivates open theists in this belief, and what process leads them there.
Charlie, I would say that the beliefs expressed by those within the Open Theism movement are a protest against the idea that in the beginning God decided that certain individuals would be saved and therefore the others would be lost. Therefore a person's future depends, not on the present action of the grace of the Living God Who appeals the gospel to the sinner's heart, but instead on what is nothing more than an iron decree of faith.
The idea that a man's fate was settled before the foundation of the world becomes a limitation of His power to bless and save in the ever present "now" and so therefore it denegrates into a denial of the truth of the sovereignty of God.
I vehemently disagree with the assertions which those in the Open movement make to attempt to prove their case. They take verses which are to be understood in a figurative sense and place a literal spin on them. The same can be said for those who assert that a man's fate was decided in the past eons. They use verses which should be understood in a figurative sense and interpret them literally in order to defend their views.
For instance, The Lord God lives in the ever present "now" as the "eternal" state is not limitless time but instead the absence of time. And verses which speak of Him doing something in time are purely figurative. Let us look at the following verse:
"According as He hath chosen us in Him before the foundation of the world, that we should be holy and without blame before him in love" (Eph.1:4).
Again, this can only be understood in a figurative sense because God lives in the ever present "now" so to Him there is no "before." The Apostles understood this and that is what Paul meant here:
"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess.2:13-14).
Notice that here Paul says that God hath "from the beginning" chosen the Christian to salvation through belief in the truth. How can this be since before the foundation of the world there was no one believing the gospel?
Actually, the answer is quite simple. In the eternal state the same "moment" when the sinner believes the gospel can be said to be the same "moment" that existed before the world began. After all, since God lives in the ever present "now" then the moment when a sinner believes belongs to the same "now" as does a moment that existed before the world began. Obviously the above quoted verses in regard to when the Christian is saved can only be understood in a figurative sense. It is a mistake to take verses that place God in time and use those verses to make doctrine.
Notice that here Paul says that God hath "from the beginning" chosen the Christian to salvation through belief in the truth. How can this be since before the foundation of the world there was no one believing the gospel?
Actually, the answer is quite simple. In the eternal state the same "moment" when the sinner believes the gospel can be said to be the same "moment" that existed before the world began. After all, since God lives in the ever present "now" then the moment when a sinner believes belongs to the same "now" as does a moment that existed before the world began. Obviously the above quoted verses in regard to when the Christian is saved can only be understood in a figurative sense. It is a mistake to take verses that place God in time and use those verses to make doctrine.
This doesn't even make sense. If "before the foundation of the world" is the same thing as "right now", then "before the foundation of the world" has zero meaning.
Yes, God lives outside of time, but time does exist, He created it, and men are bound by it. In His dealings with men, God has broken into time. Paul is writing as a man to men from a human point of view. It is non-sensical to interpret this phrase in any way other than its plain meaning.
I thought it was the Calvinists that use too much theory...Jerry you seem to be doing this with Ephesians 1.....
This doesn't even make sense. If "before the foundation of the world" is the same thing as "right now", then "before the foundation of the world" has zero meaning.
It does make sense if you understand that the eternal state is a state where time does not exist and God lives in the ever present "now."
Yes, God lives outside of time, but time does exist, He created it, and men are bound by it. In His dealings with men, God has broken into time. Paul is writing as a man to men from a human point of view. It is non-sensical to interpret this phrase in any way other than its plain meaning.
No, Paul is speaking about salvation in terms of the eternal state:
"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess.2:13-14).
From the beginning God chose the sinner to salvation through belief in the truth. In the eternal state it can be said that "the beginning" is the same exact moment as when the sinner believes the gospel. Since "time" is the law of our being it is very difficult to understand a state where there is no time and that God lives in the ever present "now. But in the eternal state "before the foundation of the world" is the same moment when the sinner belioeves.
I thought it was the Calvinists that use too much theory...Jerry you seem to be doing this with Ephesians 1.....
rogercarlson, I was merely explaining exactly what Paul says at Ephesians 1:11. If you think that my explanation is incorrect then please tell me exactly why you think that I am wrong.
No, Paul is speaking about salvation in terms of the eternal state:
"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess.2:13-14).
This says nothing about the eternal state.
The phrase "from the beginning" has absolutely no meaning if it's identical to "now". Why would Paul tell them God had chosen them to salvation from the beginning, if he really meant that they were saved now? Seems like he could have been a lot clearer if that's what he was trying to say.
From the beginning God chose the sinner to salvation through belief in the truth. In the eternal state it can be said that "the beginning" is the same exact moment as when the sinner believes the gospel. Since "time" is the law of our being it is very difficult to understand a state where there is no time and that God lives in the ever present "now. But in the eternal state "before the foundation of the world" is the same moment when the sinner belioeves.
And I reject that interpretation based on the plain meaning of language
It does make sense if you understand that the eternal state is a state where time does not exist and God lives in the ever present "now."
What leads you to believe that time doesn't exist in the eternal state?
This says nothing about the eternal state.
The phrase "from the beginning" has absolutely no meaning if it's identical to "now". Why would Paul tell them God had chosen them to salvation from the beginning, if he really meant that they were saved now? Seems like he could have been a lot clearer if that's what he was trying to say.
Please compare the following two verses:
"Who hath saved us, and called us with an holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given us in Christ Jesus before the world began" (2 Tim.1:9).
"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess.2:13-14).
Now tell me how a sinner can be saved "before the world began" if his salvation depends on believing the truth of the gospel?
I have explained what I believe is a solution but you do not accept that explanation. Now please answer my question and then I will examine your answer and perhaps I will be convinced by what you say and I will change my present belief. But as of now what I have said seems to me the best option that I have.
What leads you to believe that time doesn't exist in the eternal state?
Larry, please consider the following verse:
"But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day" (2 Pet.3:8).
Are we supposed to believe that there is a celestial timepiece with a thousand-year dial?
Of course we cannot take Peter's words literally but instead we can understand his words as meaning that God is not bound by time as we are. According to this there is a speeding up of time at the same time that there is a slowing down of time. Surely this thought can only be interpreted as meaning that God is timeless or outside of time.
Martin Loyd-Jones writes, "In the first place, Peter tells us that God is altogether above time. ‘Beloved, be not ignorant of this, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years and a thousand years as one day.’ That is the principle; God is eternal, God is above time. We must never think of God as being involved in the time process or in the flux and movement of time and history — God is altogether above time. It is almost impossible for us to grasp such a thought and such a concept, and yet it is a very vital principle. We, being creatures of time, of necessity think in terms of time. God is altogether above and beyond and outside it, so that when we are thinking of the purposes of God, it is always dangerous to exaggerate this time element. God Himself, being eternal, is right outside it. To Him a thousand years are but as one day and one day as a thousand years. In other words, He does not live at all in the realm, or in terms of, the time process" (Martin Loyd-Jones, God and Time).
God is not limited by time at all and not subject to it. It could be said the He lives in the ever present "now."
Loyd-Jones explains God's relationship to time in the following manner: "God is like a man making a watch or clock — He Himself is outside it, He exists without it, He is not a part of it. The watchmaker makes the watch, he winds it up, he sets it going, he is outside the process but he initiates the process, he sets the hands in motion. That may help us a little to understand the relationship of God to time. But, according to this biblical teaching, God set the process going and He keeps it going" (Ibid.).
Augustine wrote: "In the eminence of Thy ever-present eternity, Thou precedest all times past, and extendest beyond all future times, for they are still to come--and when they have come, they will be past. But 'Thou art always the Selfsame and thy years shall have no end' (Ps.102:27). Thy years neither go nor come; but ours both go and come in order that all separate moments may come to pass. All Thy years stand together as one, since they are abiding. Nor do Thy years past exclude the years to come because Thy years do not pass away. All these years of ours shall be with Thee, when all of them shall have ceased to be. Thy years are but a day, and Thy day is not recurrent, but always today. Thy 'today' yields not to tomorrow and does not follow yesterday" (Augustine, Confessions, Book 11, Chapter XIII).
Charlie, appreciate your post (about six back or so). Very interesting. (And I hadn't really thought of Nietsche quite that way before either).
The modern man, to think himself free, not only requires that he not be obviously coerced, but he must not even be "pressured" or "influenced." Nothing gets in the way of his own sovereign determination
So true.
And it's kind of fun to deconstruct, because when is influence truly absent? If nobody threatens me, OK, I can say I'm "free" to remain in my home. But what if someone offers to pay me $1000 to leave my house? Am I still "free"? What if he cuts off the electricity and gas and it gets really cold? Still "free"? What if he lights the house on fire?
And what if there is no "somebody" at all, but I run out of food. Am I "free" to stay then?
...or what if I have claustrophobia?
No, the truth is, we are always pressured and influence by one thing or another (whether within or outside ourselves) only in varying degrees. The only real freeing comes from grace and power outside ourselves. Left to ourselves we are very, very unfree.
Larry, please consider the following verse:
"But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day" (2 Pet.3:8).
The fact that God has a different timetable (which I think is the point of the verse) does not mean that time does not exist in eternity. For instance, in eternity there are songs sung. That means the passing of time. Words spoken mean that time has passed. Leaves that grow mean that time has passed. Those things make no sense in a "timeless" world. So while God has a different relationship to time, that is different than saying that time does not exist in the eternal state.
"But we are bound to give thanks alway to God for you, brethren beloved of the Lord, because God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth: Whereunto he called you by our gospel, to the obtaining of the glory of our Lord Jesus Christ" (2 Thess.2:13-14).
Now tell me how a sinner can be saved "before the world began" if his salvation depends on believing the truth of the gospel?
"hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation"
This does not say "from the beginning we were saved", but from the beginning we were chosen to salvation.
I have a question for you, however.
and those whom he justified he also glorified.
How can Paul say that God glorified (aorist) anybody, if nobody has been glorified yet?




Amen!